Antipsychotic
Because of their associated neurological adverse effects, these medications are also called neuroleptic agents, and have these two categories.
What are typical and atypical antipsychotics?
This class is generally the first-line class of medications used to treat depression because this class does not have many adverse effects associated with TCAs and MAOIs. They inhibit CNS neuronal reuptake of serotonin with little effect on norepinephrine and little affinity to cholinergic, histaminic, or alpha-adrenergic sites.
What are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest, which can cause severe symptoms that impact daily activities such as sleeping, eating, and working. It can also affect thinking, memory, and overall quality of life. Treatment options include therapy, medications, and lifestyle changes.
What is depression?
What is dystonia?
Spasms may cause unnatural positioning of the neck, abnormal eye movements, excessive salivation.
This is why the use of antipsychotics should be taken with care with patients who are immunosuppressed and those who have cancer.
What may result in bone marrow suppression, leading to blood dyscrasias?
This why it is important to use caution when an antipsychotic medication is having the route switched.
What is IM doses provide four to five times the active dose as oral routes?
This class or antidepressants decrease neuronal reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine and more weakly inhibit dopamine. This class may cause side effects related to norepinephrine, such as increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and sweating.
What are serotonin norepinephrine inhibitors (SNRIs)?
This class may be preferred when: The patient doesn’t respond well to SSRIs; there’s a need to address both depression and pain (this class can relieve pain); the patient has certain comorbidities (e.g., fibromyalgia, neuropathic pain).
This is the most common type of psychosis, and can be very debilitating and prevents affected individuals from functioning in society. Characteristics include hallucinations, paranoia, delusions, speech abnormalities, and affective problems. This disorder, which seems to have a very strong genetic association, may reflect a fundamental biochemical abnormality.
What is schizophrenia?
This is continuous restlessness, inability to sit still, constant moving, foot tapping, hand movements may be seen.
What is akathisia?
This is the reason antipsychotics are contraindicated for use in the elderly patients with dementia.
What is use associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) events and death?
Because atypical antipsychotics block both dopamine and serotonin receptors, they are used because of this.
What may alleviate some of the unpleasant neurological effects and depression of typical antipsychotics?
Historically, it was believed that this class increased neurotransmitter levels, but the exact mechanism remains somewhat unclear, but reduces the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine into the nerves.
What are tricyclic antidepressants?
This class has also been used to treat anxiety, bed wetting (enuresis), chronic nerve-related pain, migraines prevention, OCD, panic attacks, and PTSD.
This condition involves extremes of depression alternating with hyperactivity and excitement and may reflect a biochemical imbalance followed by overcompensation on the part of neurons and their inability to reestablish stability. It is also sometimes called Manic/Depressive disorder.
What is bipolar disorder?
This is when there are similar symptoms to Parkinson’s disease, including tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowed movements), and shuffling gait, but does not have Parkinson's.
What is pseudoparkinsonism?
Having this procedure would warrant caution if patient is taking an ant performed within the last 24 hours or scheduled within the next 48 hours because of severe neuron reaction to the dye.
What is myelography?
A myelogram is an imaging test that uses a contrast material and X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans to get detailed pictures of your spine.
A myelogram can help diagnose conditions like: herniated (bulging) disks; arthritis in your spinal joints; spinal stenosis (when the spaces in your spine narrow and press on your spinal cord); bone spurs (osteophytes); spinal tumors; osteomyelitis. May also be recommend after recent surgery — especially if developed any new, lingering pain or weakness since the procedure.
This medication is used frequently to treat irritability and aggression associated with autistic disorders in children and adolescents, as well as for acute manic episodes of bipolar disease.
What is risperidone?
This class irreversibly inhibits monoamine oxidase, allowing norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine to accumulate in the synaptic cleft. Often now used in the treatment of depression with patients who are unresponsive to other antidepressant agents due to side effects and not being compatible with other foods/medications.
What are monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)?
This condition is characterized by daytime sleepiness and sudden periods of loss of wakefulness. This disorder may reflect problems with stimulation of the brain by the reticular activating system (RAS) or problems with response to that stimulation.
What is narcolepsy?
This is late-onset involuntary movements, often involving the face, tongue, and limbs and can be irreversible.
What is tardive dyskinesia?
This is a cardiac condition which is a contraindication for the use of mesoridazine, thioridazine, and ziprasidone.
What is prolonged QT interval?
These medications can further prolong the QT interval, leading to increased risk of serious cardiac arrhythmias.
This occurs within the first 10 days of first-time usage of antipsychotics (both typical and atypical) and is caused by dopamine blocking the hypothalamus and increases the body's temperature.
What is neuroleptic malignant syndrome?
Main symptoms include high fever, confusion, rigid muscles, blood pressure changes, sweating, and tachycardia, leading to rhabdomyolysis, high blood potassium, kidney failure, or seizures. Treatment is dantrolene to reverse the symptoms/signs.
This is why patients who take MAOIs need to avoid tyramine.
What is increase blood pressure?
Consuming as little as 6 mg of tyramine may lead to a mild crisis, while 10 to 25 mg can cause severe headaches with intracranial hemorrhage.
Rational dietary guidelines for patients on MAOI therapy include: If not going to avoid, keeping tyramine intake below 5 mg; beginning diet counseling before drug therapy; monitoring patient compliance; recommending fresh foods over aged or spoiled ones; continuing the diet for four weeks beyond drug therapy.
This condition involves various conditions characterized by an inability to concentrate on one activity for longer than a few minutes and a state of hyperkinesis. These conditions are usually diagnosed in school-aged children but can occur in adults.
What is attention deficit disorders?
Thes are more likely to cause EPS due to their strong dopamine receptor blockade. Examples include haloperidol (Haldol), fluphenazine, and chlorpromazine.
What are typical antipsychotics?
These antipsychotics often turn the urine pink to reddish-brown as a result of their excretion.
What are the phenothiazines (chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, prochlorperazine, promethazine, and thioridazine)?