Metabolism
The most common cause of hepatic cirrhosis.
What is excessive alcohol intake?
Younger age, male gender and alcohol and drug use.
What are risk factors for spinal cord injury (SCI)?
Medication regimen that should be initiated within 72 hours of SCI and continued at lease 3 months.
What is anticoagulation?
Elevated levels of this are present in clients with hepatic encephalopathy.
What is ammonia?
Involuntary flapping of hands, often seen in patients with hepatic encephalopathy.
What is asterixis?
Most accurate measures (2) to assess progression of ascites in liver disease.
What are daily weights and abdominal girth measurement?
Most important consideration when moving patient with real or potential SCI.
What is immobilize the spine?
Antispasmodic medication that is available orally or intrathecally.
What is baclofen?
Can be measured in serum and urine - elevated levels are associated with the clinical manifestation of jaundice.
What is bilirubin?
A fundamental nursing assessment for clients in all types of traction.
Medication most often associated with drug-induced hepatitis and acute liver failure.
What is acetaminophen?
Common methods used to prevent VTE and DVT in patients with mobility problems.
What are anticoagulation, SCDs or antiembolism stockings?
Injectable medication used to treat spasticity.
What is botulinum toxin?
Electrolyte that should be closely monitored in patients taking lactulose.
What is potassium?
What is a distended bladder?
Below-the-waist assessment that may indicate that the client with liver disease has developed portal hypertension.
What are hemorrhoids?
Sudden depression of reflex activity muscle flacidity and absent reflexes in patients with SCI. May also see bradycardia and decreased BP.
What is spinal shock?
Potassium-sparing diuretic, often used to decrease ascites in liver disease.
What is spironolactone?
This lab value may be decreased in patients with ascites.
What is serum albumin?
First nursing action for patient experiencing autonomic dysreflexia.
What is sit the patient up?
Mode of transmission for Hepatitis A.
What is fecal-oral route?
Occurs after spinal shock has resolved. Symptoms include severe headache, sudden hypertension and diaphoresis above the level of the lesion. Medical emergency.
What is autonomic dysreflexia?
Medication given to patients with hepatic encephalopathy to decrease ammonia levels.
What is lactulose?
Serum aminotransferase studies (2) - that measure enzymes released in liver damage. Elevation indicates liver damage
What are AST and ALT?
High risk procedure that is sometimes used to control bleeding from esophageal varicies.
What is balloon tamonpade?
The breakdown of this nutrient can increase confusion in clients with hepatic encephalopathy.
What is protein?
Device which allows immobilization of cervical spine while allowing early ambulation.
What is halo traction/halo vest?
Synthetic analog of the hormone somatostatin, is effective in decreasing bleeding from esophageal varices, and lacks the vasoconstrictive effects of vasopressin.
What is octreotide?
Measures the time required for a fibrin clot to form in a citrated plasma sample often elevated in clients with liver disease.
What is prothrombin time?
First-line treatment for bleeding esophageal variecies.
What is endoscopic variceal ligation (Esophageal Banding Therapy)?
Reason stools should be visually inspected in the client with portal hypertension.
What is to assess for GI bleeding?
Causes ipsilateral motor paralysis and contralateral loss of temperature and pain sensation below level of injury.
What is Brown-Sequard syndrome?
Clinical manifestation of overdose of lactulose.
What is watery stools?
Levels are elevated in patients with obstructive jaundice?
What is alkaline phosphatase?
Surgical procedure used to treat acute bleeding from esophageal varicies when endoscopic procedures are ineffective.
What is a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS procedure).