Maternal Mortality in the U.S
According to the sources, the United States ranks what in terms of maternal death rates compared to other countries?
48th
What is the nurse's role when a client refuses a treatment option due to cultural beliefs?
The nurse should allow the client to refuse the treatment but take the time to explain the ramifications of not being treated
Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive a child after how long of unprotected sexual intercourse?
1 year
Entry into prenatal care should occur before how many weeks of gestation?
10 weeks
What type of history, emphasizing the current pregnancy, is a key component of the initial prenatal visit?
A comprehensive health history
During what period of gestation is the growing embryo most susceptible to damage from teratogens?
Between 2-8 weeks
What are the leading causes of pregnancy-related mortality in the U.S.?
Hemorrhage, infection, preeclampsia-eclampsia, obstructed labor, and unsafe abortion
What does culture consist of?
Culture consists of a world view, group traditions that are shared by a social group that are passed down from one generation to another.
Besides financial and psychological issues, what else can infertility affect in a couple?
Their psychologic, familial, social, and cultural aspects
Standard tests that are typically included in the initial prenatal visit laboratory work
Blood type, Rh status, red blood cell (RBC) antibody screen; complete blood count or hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular volume; and titers for rubella and varicella
How does the fetus receive oxygen in utero?
The umbilical cord.
The maternal mortality rate is considered the best indicator of what for a country
A country's level of prenatal care
What nursing diagnosis might be most effective for a pregnant woman of Hispanic descent who craves Pica?
Imbalanced nutrition
What is the medication used for infertility?
Clomiphene citrate (Clomid)
How does it work?
This is a nonsteroidal synthetic antiestrogen used to induce ovulation and produce eggs for fertilization. It is typically used for no more than 3 cycles. Nurses explain its use and potential complications, such as a slim chance of multiple births (1 in 10 women).
Women in which age group are routinely screened for chlamydia and gonorrhea at the first prenatal visit?
Women less than 25 years of age
Complications of STI?
STIs can contribute to cervical cancer, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, and death, and can be transmitted in utero or during childbirth. Gonorrhea is linked to miscarriages, premature birth, low birth weight, PROM (premature rupture of membranes), and chorioamnionitis and can infect the infant during delivery. Syphilis is also associated with premature births and stillbirths.
What is the first recognition of fetal movements by the mother commonly called, and when might a multiparous woman typically detect it?
Quickening, as early as 14 to 16 weeks
What is the focus of the public health nurse's role when trying to lower maternal mortality rates, particularly for African American women?
Focusing on the fact that these women often do not have the insurance coverage needed to get adequate care and or money to eat the correct foods and help with needed services
What is race?
Race is a category of humankind that shares distinctive physical traits
What effect does smoking have on a male's sperm count during infertility?
Smoking decreases sperm count, and heavy smoking significantly reduces sperm motility and the amount produced in men.
What percentage of the reasons a couple experiences infertility can be attributed to the male partner?
Men contribute to 40% of the reasons for a couple's infertility.
Besides cervical neoplasia, what else might a Pap test performed during the pelvic exam at the first prenatal visit screen for?
Human papillomavirus
What is the role of amniotic fluid in fetal development?
It helps maintain a constant body temperature, permits symmetric growth and development, cushions the fetus from trauma, allows the umbilical cord to be relatively free from compression, and promotes fetal movement to enhance musculoskeletal development.
What can have a positive impact on perinatal outcomes like prematurity
Improving a woman's access to prenatal care
What is ethnicity?
Ethnicity is a social group that has a common tradition
Factors that can cause infertility?
Obesity.
STIs (Sexually Transmitted Infections)
What is GTPAL?
1. G-Gravida, is the current # of pregnancies including the current pregnancy
2. T-Term births, is the # of term gestations between 38-42 weeks
3. P-Preterm births is the # of preterm pregnancies ending between 20-37 weeks gestation
4. A-abortions, the # of pregnancies ending before 20 weeks or viability
5. L-Living children, is the # of children currently living
What fetal structures are established during the ovum (preembryonic stage)?
Intrauterine development is divided into three stages: ovum or preembryonic, embryo, and fetus. The stage of the ovum lasts from conception until day 14. This period covers cellular replication, blastocyst formation, initial development of the embryonic membranes, and establishment of the primary germ layers