Neurocognitive
What is the definition of confabulation?
Confabulating is filling in gaps in memory by fabrication (making up stories when unable to remember actual events). A client who has dementia may do this unconsciously to cover for and decrease anxiety about memory gaps.
Name at least 4 symptoms of infection related to agranulocytosis that a provider could be concerned with in regard to a client on the antipsychotic clozapine?
sore throat, fever, malaise, unusual bleeding, easy bruising, persistent nausea and vomiting, severe headache, rapid heart rate, difficulty urinating, muscle twitching, tremors, darkly colored urine, excessive urination, excessive thirst, excessive hunger, weakness, pale stools, yellow skin or eyes, muscular incoordination, or skin rash
T or F: When a person is hyperventilating, nurses should provide education on relaxation strategies.
FALSE: When a person is hyperventilating, they are not in a realm to be able to learn. Take care of Maslow base level need first before doing anything else. After the attack passes and the person is in frame of mind for education, THIS is the time to teach relaxation strategies for the future.
T or F: When a client has diagnosed OCD, distracting the client with other activities whenever ritual behaviors begin is an effective option to address the problem.
False: It would be more appropriate to discuss the anxiety-provoking triggers that precipitate the ritualistic behaviors. Distraction will not lessen the anxiety of that individual.
T or F: Age is a direct cause for delirium.
False: People over 65 years of age are considered a high-risk group (but age is NOT a direct cause for delirium)
T or F: Neurocognitive describes cognitive functions closely linked to particular areas of the brain that have to do with thinking, reasoning, memory, learning, and speaking. Neurocognitive disorder is an impairment of these cognitive functions.
True
Neurocognitive describes cognitive functions closely linked to particular areas of the brain that have to do with thinking, reasoning, memory, learning, and speaking. Neurocognitive disorder is an impairment of these cognitive functions.
What is the definition of a delusion?
Delusions are fixed, false beliefs that are irrational and that the individual maintains are true despite evidence to the contrary
Many treatment modalities are available that may be used alone or in combination with medication to treat anxiety. Name at least 3 non-pharmacological options we might recommend to clients.
Examples include deep breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation, imagery, music, mindfulness meditation, yoga, and exercise.
Recurrent, repetitive thoughts, impulses, or images experienced as intrusive and stressful, and unable to be expunged by logic or reasoning. What am I (one word)?
Obsession
Characterized by the exaggerated belief that the body is deformed or defective in some specific way - what is the disorder name?
Body dysmorphic disorder
The most common complaints involve imagined or slight flaws of the face or head, such as wrinkles or scars, the shape of the nose, excessive facial hair, and facial asymmetry.
T or F: Major NCD was previously described as delirium in the DSM.
FALSE. Major NCD constitutes what was previously described as dementia in the DSM. Major NCD (dementia) is with progressive decline in cognitive ability.
T or F: Hallucinations occur when there is not enough serotonin in the brain.
False: Hallucinations are positive symptoms of schizophrenia related to increased production or release of dopamine at nerve terminals.
Of note: An excess of serotonin has been hypothesized to be responsible for both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia (including hallucinations), and the effectiveness of medications like clozapine lends support to this idea.
What am I? Initial exposure is focused on the concept of the phobic stimulus that produces the least amount of fear or anxiety. In subsequent sessions, the individuals gradually exposed to stimuli that are more fearful. Gradually increase the tolerance to anxiety.
Systematic desensitization... behavior therapy
The underlying reason that a client with OCD performs ritualistic behaviors is what?
Clients with OCD perform ritualistic behaviors to provide a temporary relief from anxiety related to obsessions
For a client on antipsychotics, what is the most likely reason a nurse would administer benzotropine as a PRN?
Benztropine is an anticholinergic medication used for symptoms of tardive dyskinesia, characterized by abnormal involuntary movements. Tardive dyskinesia is a potentially irreversible adverse effect of antipsychotic medications.
A patient is Stage 7 Alzheimer's Disease. A CNA has expressed concern that the patient is incoherent and appears to be unable to get out of bed. What is a response from the nurse that explains the current Stage of this disease and our responsibility to the patient?
At this state, due to the extreme care needs, the best thing nurses can do is to facilitate comfort, self care, and dignity for the patient.
T or F: It is appropriate to promote the use of music to compete with the client's auditory hallucinations.
True: Competing reality-based stimulation such as the use of music or television during auditory hallucinations can assist in limiting the effect the hallucinations have on the client's stress level.
The client has been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Which are at least three symptoms the nurse might observe on assessment?
The symptoms in generalized anxiety disorder are intense enough to cause clinically significant impairment in functioning. *Avoids activities or events that may result in negative outcomes, or spends considerable time and effort preparing for such activities. *Procrastination in behavior or decision making, *individual repeatedly seeks reassurance from others *Muscle tension *Restlessness
Repetitive ritualistic behavior or thoughts, the purpose of which is to prevent or reduce distress or to prevent some dreaded event or situation. What am I (one word).
Compulsions
Common compulsions include hand washing, ordering, checking, praying, counting, and repeating words silently.
True or False: Benzodiazepines have been successful in the treatment of social anxiety disorder (social phobia).
TRUE. Alprazolam, lorazepam, and clonazepam have been particularly effective in the treatment of panic disorder. SHORT TERM use is preferred (addictive / tolerance increases)
What are the definitions for aphasia and apraxia? You must get both correct to get the points.
Aphasia (not speaking) The patient may know his or her needs, but may not know how to communicate those needs to a caregiver.
Apraxia is the inability to carry out motor activities despite intact motor function.
These are possible symptoms as NCD progresses.
What is the definition of schizoaffective disorder?
Schizoaffective disorder includes symptoms of schizophrenic behaviors, with strong symptoms also associated with mood disorders (depression or mania). The client may appear depressed, with psychomotor retardation and suicidal ideation, or symptoms may include euphoria, grandiosity, and hyperactivity. The decisive factor in the diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder is the presence of hallucinations and/or delusions that occur for at least 2 weeks in the absence of a major mood episode. Prominent mood disorder symptoms must be evident for a majority of the time.
What is the difference between fear and anxiety?
Anxiety may be distinguished from fear in that anxiety is an emotional process, whereas fear is a cognitive one.
Fear involves the intellectual appraisal of a threatening stimulus; anxiety involves the emotional response to that appraisal.
Define depersonalization
Depersonalization can occur with extreme anxiety / panic in which the person detaches from themselves
What are the definitions for anosognosia and avolition? You must get both correct to get the points.
anosognosia is lack of insight. Some individuals lack awareness of there being any illness or disorder even when symptoms appear obvious to others.
avolition is a lack of motivation. Impairment in the ability to initiate goal-directed activity.
Both are negative symptoms of schizophrenia