Clinical Manifestations
Clinical Manifestation(s) of thrombocytopenia
Petechiae, purpura, bleeding
Lab value associated with jaundice
A disorder with elevated serum biomarkers and an ST segment elevation
The pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia
The presence of HgS. The lack of oxygen in the cell causes the cell to sickle.
Risk factors of COPD
Smoking, hereditary, airway hyperresponsiveness, asthma
Reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
Metaplasia
The three P's of hyperglycemia
Polyphagia (excessive hunger), polydipsia (excessive thirst), and polyuria (excessive urination)
Creatinine
A disorder characterized by absolute insulin deficiency
Type 1 diabetes
Define platelet adhesion
Risk factors for pressure ulcers
- Elderly
• Neurological deficits
• Incontinence (urinary and fecal)
• Fractures
• Lying on hard surface, wrinkled sheets
• Chronic diseases
• Malnutrition
• Any kind of immobilization
Term that defines deranged cell growth (cells vary in size, shape and organization)
Clinical manifestation(s) of meningitis
Fever, chills, headache, neck stiffness (nuchal rigidity), generalized pain, N/V, Petechial rash
Gold standard test for UTI (urinary tract infections)
Urine culture and sensitivity
A disorder where the the presence of gallstones can lead to inflammation and infection
Cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder)
Pathophysiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Two major risk factors for GERD
the use of NSAIDs (ASA) and H.Pylori
_________ _________ is defined as chest pain relieved by rest.
Stable angina
Clinical Manifestation(s) of osteoarthritis
Joint Pain
Stiffness
Limited movement
Joint instability and deformity
Elevated T3, T4, and decreased TSH
A liver infection which can only infect people who are also infected with the hepatitis B virus
Hepatitis D
Pathophysiology of multiple myeloma
In multiple myeloma, plasma cells cause bone loss by replacing bone with expanding plasmacytomas or by secreting cytokines that activate osteoclasts and suppress osteoblasts. This leads to pain in the bones
Non-modifiable risk factors for CAD (coronary artery disease)
Advancing age; Genetic disorders of lipid; metabolism; Family history; Ethnicity; atherosclerosis
The difference between a stroke and a TIA (transient ischemic attack)
Causes are the same; but symptoms resolve within 24 hours in a TIA
Clinical manifestation(s) of anemia
Pale skin
fatigue
tachypnea
tachycardia/palpitations
Lab value associated with hepatic encephalopathy
Increased ammonia levels
Cataracts
Pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis
> 40 years; Juvenile onset; Black race; Family history of increased intraoccular pressure; Chromosome 1 abnormality;
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Clinical manifestation(s) of iron-deficiency anemia
Sores in the corner of the mouth
spoon shaped nails
tachycardia
A disorder with the following clinical manifestations: mucous secretions, wheezing, edema of bronchial mucosa, ineffective cough, and chest tightness
Asthma
Pathophysiology of Chron's disease
Sharply demarcated, granulomatous lesions surrounded by normal-appearing mucosa. When multiples lesions are present, the lesions are not continuous (Skip-lesions)
Complications of HIV/AIDS
Wasting syndrome
Malignant tumors (Kaposi sarcoma; NHL)
____________ are small pin-point hemorrhages, whereas ____________ are purple spots on the skin caused by broken small blood vessels (decreased platelet levels).
Petechiae ; purpura
Clinical manifestation(s) of Vitamin B-12
glossitis
neurologic syndrome (tingling of the hands and feet)
Gi disturbance
Lab value that is present in CML (Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia)
Philadelphia Chromosome
Skeletal disorder characterized by the loss of bone mass and deterioration of the architecture of cancellous bone with a subsequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to pathological fractures
Osteoporosis
Pathophysiology of Parkinson Disease
Dopamine depletion results from degeneration of the dopamine nigrostriatal system
Degenerative disorder of basal ganglia function that results in variable combinations of tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia
Complications of Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS)
Arrhythmias
Respiratory Failure
Pain
_________ acute kidney injury is caused by structural damage to the kidneys, and _________ acute kidney injury is caused by decreased blood flow to the kidney.
Intrarenal; prerenal
Clinical manifestation(s) of Addison's disease
hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, dehydration, hypotension, hypoglycemia, fever, bronze pigmentation due to high ACTH, weakness, lethargy
Lab Values associated with hypothyroidism
Open/compound; comminuted
Why does wheezing occur in asthma?
It is caused by airway narrowing
Risk factors for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL)
Explain why bruising occurs in leukemia
The suppression of platelet synthesis in the bone marrow