Cardiac
This valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle
mitral valve
What are the three lobes of the right lung?
Superior, middle, and inferior lobes
What is the normal response when testing PERRLA?
Pupils are Equal, Round, Reactive to Light and Accommodation
What are the three main layers of the skin?
Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
What does the acronym PERRLA stand for in eye assessment?
Pupils Equal, Round, Reactive to Light and Accommodation
Which heart sound corresponds with the closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves?
S1
Which adventitious lung sound is caused by fluid in the alveoli and is commonly heard in pneumonia?
crackles
What is one consideration you should take into account when caring for an older adult?
perspiration decreases, decreased flexibility/mobility, pale skin, lesions, dry skin, skin has less turgor, hair is coarser and drier, nails are thicker, yellow or brittle
What skin condition is characterized by bluish discoloration due to lack of oxygen?
cyanosis
When documenting assessment data, what should always be included?
Objective findings, subjective reports, and any abnormal observations
What is the best site to assess apical pulse on an adult?
5th intercostal space, midclavicular line
What sound is heard as a low pitched whistling on expiration
rhonchi
What finding in the eye might indicate jaundice?
yellowing of the sclera (scleral icterus)
Clubbing of the nails is most often associated with which chronic condition?
Chronic hypoxia (e.g., COPD, congenital heart disease)
What is a normal finding when palpating lymph nodes?
Nonpalpable or small, soft, and non-tender nodes
Name two modifiable risk factors for developing coronary artery disease (CAD)
Smoking, high cholesterol, hypertension, obesity, or sedentary lifestyle (any two)
Name one age-related change to the respiratory system seen in older adults.
Decreased lung elasticity, kyphosis, or reduced chest expansion
Which structure of the ear equalizes air pressure between the middle ear and the throat?
Eustachian (auditory) tube
Which glands secrete sebum to lubricate skin and hair?
sebaceous glands
What teaching can reduce the risk of respiratory disease?
Smoking cessation, vaccinations, and avoiding air pollutants
During cardiac assessment, a nurse hears an S₃ sound. What might this indicate in an older adult patient?
Heart failure or fluid overload
A patient presents with wheezing and dyspnea. What is the most likely underlying condition?
Asthma or COPD
What cranial nerve is responsible for hearing and balance?
Cranial nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear nerve)
What are key patient education points to prevent skin cancer?
Use sunscreen, wear protective clothing, avoid tanning beds, and perform regular skin checks
What is an important teaching point for maintaining ear health?
Avoid inserting objects into ears, keep ears dry, and use hearing protection around loud noise