Skin
Ch.31
Ch.31
This type of injury requires priorities of care such as maintaining a clear airway, fluid resuscitation, pain management, and infection control, and is assessed and classified by depth and extent of tissue damage.
What is a burn injury?
Question: Genetic testing for Tay-Sachs disease is recommended for who?
What is a family history of Tay-Sachs disease?
Question: This term describes an insect or animal that carries and spreads a disease.
Answer: What is a vector?
The chain of infection refers to the way in which organisms spread and infect the individual. A portal of entry is a route by which the organisms enter the body (e.g., a cut in the skin). A portal of exit is the route by which the organisms exit the body (e.g., feces or urine). A reservoir for infection is a place that supports the growth of organisms (e.g., standing, stagnant water). A vector is an insect or animal that carries and spreads a disease.
This nursing teaching includes giving this supplement between meals, avoiding milk products, and reassuring parents that dark green or black stools are an expected finding.
Correct Response:
What is oral iron supplement teaching?
This skin condition is an inflammation of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles, is influenced by hormones at puberty, and is characterized by lesions such as comedones, papules, and nodulocystic growths.
What is acne?
This common fungal infection, also known as athlete's foot, causes an itchy, scaly rash between the toes and is often spread through contaminated floors, towels, or clothing.
What is tinea pedis?
Treatment consists of topical therapy with an antibacterial or antifungal preparation such as econazole or ciclopirox (Loprox).
Question: Increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss are common symptoms of this type of diabetes.
Answer: What is type 1 diabetes?
polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria (p. 728)
Answer: This virus primarily spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, necessitating droplet precautions such as wearing a mask, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining a safe distance.
Question: What is influenza?
This most common type of sickle cell crisis occurs when blood flow is obstructed by sickled cells, leading to severe pain, dactylitis, painful joints, abdominal pain, stroke, or priapism, and is treated with IV fluids and opioid analgesics.
What is a vaso‑occlusive (painful) crisis?
Frequent blood transfusions to maintain hemoglobin levels above 9.5 g/dL is the treatment for this.
What is the mainstay treatment for thalassemia major?
Interventions for the care of a child with this condition include proper skin care techniques, use of prescribed medications, identification and elimination of triggers, monitoring for signs of infection, and maintaining a consistent skincare routine.
What is infantile eczema?
• Absorption is best when an ointment is applied after a warm bath.• Medication should be applied by stroking in the direction of hair growth. (Circular or rubbing motions can inflame hair follicles.)• Teach how much ointment to apply (e.g., pea-sized bead).• The use of elbow restraints can prevent an infant from scratching while allowing freedom of movement.• Topical steroids should not be used when a viral infection is present.
Question: This term describes dangerously low blood sugar levels, often below 70 mg/dL.
Answer: What is hypoglycemia?
Blood glucose <70 mg/dL and other SX fatigue, hunger, Pale, clammy skin, Diaphoresis,Tremors, Lethargy, Headache, Irritability, Tachycardia
Answer: This viral infection is characterized by fever, cough, conjunctivitis, and small white spots on the inner cheeks, followed by a maculopapular rash. It has an incubation period of 1–2 weeks and requires airborne isolation precautions.
Question: What is measles (rubeola)?
This severe inherited blood disorder develops when a child inherits two thalassemia genes, leading to profound anemia in infancy, hepatosplenomegaly, iron overload, bone marrow expansion, and characteristic facial bone changes.
What is thalassemia major (Cooley’s anemia)?
A temporary remission phase after starting insulin, characterized by reduced insulin needs and improved metabolic control.
What is the honeymoon period of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
This burn affect both Epidermis and much of dermis; partial thickness Blistered, moist, pink, or red; painful, indicating tissue viability
What is a a second degree or Partial thickness burn
Question: This serious diabetes complication occurs when the body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones.
Answer: What is diabetic ketoacidosis?
Answer: This term refers to the way in which organisms spread and infect an individual, including portals of entry and exit, reservoirs, and vectors.
Question: What is the chain of infection?
This class of medications, including salicylates and NSAIDs, is contraindicated in children with hemophilia because it increases the risk for bleeding.
What are aspirin and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
This part of the finger is recommended for fingerstick blood glucose testing because it is less sensitive and more comfortable for the child.
What is the side of the fingertip?
This highly contagious skin condition in children is caused by tiny mites burrowing into the skin, leading to intense itching and a pimple-like rash.
What is scabies?
Question: Shaking, sweating, and confusion are signs of this condition.
Answer: What is hypoglycemia?
Other SX:Blood glucose levels >160 mg/dL, Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, Fruity odor to breath, Fatigue, Abdominal pain, Red lips, flushed face, Dehydration, Disorientation, Drowsiness progressing to coma ,Deep, rapid (Kussmaul’s) respirations
Answer: These precautions are used for patients who are not communicable but have lowered resistance and are highly susceptible to infection, requiring a private room and the use of gowns, masks, and gloves by all persons attending the patient.
Question: What are Protective Environment Isolation Precautions?
These four major challenges guide nursing care for children with leukemia: anemia from decreased red blood cells, infection due to neutropenia, bleeding from low platelet counts, and fractures related to bone marrow involvement.
What are the priority nursing concerns in caring for a child with leukemia?
Infants have a thin epidermis that blisters easily, greater absorption, more susceptibility to infections, and less subcutaneous fat.
What are the integumentary system differences between a child and an adult?
Answer: This condition, commonly seen in preschool and elementary school-age children, is caused by an infestation of the scalp and hair by Pediculus humanus capitis, leading to itching and irritation.
Question: What is Pediculosis capitis (Lice)?
Question: Before performing a finger stick, it's important to wash hands with this.
Answer: What is warm, soapy water?
The sides of the fingertips are recommended testing sites because there are fewer nerve endings and more capillary beds in these areas. The best fingers to use are the middle, ring, or little fingers on either hand. The finger will bleed more easily if the child washes the hands in warm water for about 30 seconds. To perform the test, a drop of blood is put on a chemically treated reagent strip. The test strip then is inserted into the glucometer, and the blood glucose reading appears. Page 730
Question: This type of hand sanitizer should not be used when caring for a patient diagnosed with Clostridium difficile diarrhea because the organism is spore-forming and resistant to alcohols.
Answer: What is alcohol-based hand sanitizer?
Teaching children and their families to wash their hands before meals and after using the toilet, blowing their noses, sneezing, or handling soiled objects is important to minimize the spread of infection and to promote healthy living.
This is the most common nutritional deficiency of children in the United States.
What is iron-deficiency anemia?
Jeopardy Clue:
This type of burn involves the entire skin and underlying structures, destroys nerve endings, appears tough and leathery with colors ranging from brown to pearly white, is painless to touch, and requires immediate emergency care and often skin grafting.
What is a full‑thickness (third‑ or fourth‑degree) burn?
Answer: This skin condition in infants is characterized by erythematous papules and vesicles with weeping, oozing, and crusts on the face and body, accompanied by severe itching and often a family history of allergy.
Question: What is infantile eczema (atopic dermis)
Question: Daily insulin injections are necessary to manage this type of diabetes.
Answer: What is type 1 diabetes?
Question: A child who has received this substance should not be given a live virus vaccine for at least 11 months to ensure the vaccination is effective.
Answer: What is immunoglobulin?
This is a characteristic sign of hemophilia A (bleeding into the joint).
Hemarthrosis (bleeding into the joints) is a characteristic sign of hemophilia A.
RICE
Circumcision, heel sticks, and intramuscular injections are delayed; prophylactic factor replacements may be given; desmopressin acetate can stop bleeding is done for this condition.
How is hemophilia treated in a newborn?
Answer: This skin condition, also known as prickly heat, is caused by blocked sweat ducts due to excess body heat and moisture, leading to small, itchy, inflamed bumps.
Question: What is miliaria?
Question: This condition causes Polydipsia and polyuria ( excessive thirst and large amounts of urine), but is unrelated to blood sugar levels.
Answer: What is diabetes insipidus?
Answer: This vaccine should not be given to children who are allergic to eggs.
Question: What is the influenza vaccine?
For children with egg allergies, there are several alternatives to the traditional egg-based influenza vaccine: Egg-Free Flu Vaccines, Cell-Based Flu Vaccines. These vaccines are produced using animal cells instead of eggs, making them safe for those with egg allergies, Recombinant Flu Vaccines:
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To reduce the risk of bleeding in a child with thrombocytopenia, the nurse avoids oral trauma and uses this intervention if epistaxis occurs.
What is applying direct pressure and cold?
This type of immunity occurs when vaccines containing live attenuated or killed organisms stimulate the body to produce its own antibodies.
What is active immunity?
Answer: This type of burn affects only the outer layer of the skin, known as the epidermis, causing redness, pain, and dryness without blistering.
Question: What is a superficial (first-degree) burn?
Suppression of this part of the brain causes copious urine output and a drop in blood pressure in diabetes insipidus.
Answer: What is the posterior pituitary?
Answer: This medication should be available in the unit where vaccines are administered, and the child should be observed for a minimum of 20 minutes before leaving the area.
Question: What is epinephrine?
This aspect of care is essential for children receiving chemotherapy because it helps protect kidney function, reduce medication side effects, and support treatment effectiveness, especially when nausea and poor appetite are present.
What is maintaining adequate hydration?
This is the nurse’s responsibility when administering childhood immunizations: knowing when vaccines are due, reviewing immunization history and contraindications, giving vaccines by the correct route, determining which vaccines can be given together, and observing the child for at least 20 minutes afterward for reactions.
What medication should be available?
Answer: These charts, including the Lund and Browder chart, are used to determine the percentage of body surface area burned in children, guiding fluid and nutritional needs. For infants under 3 years, the head is assigned 18% of total body surface area, and the lower extremities 14%.
Question: What are body surface area (BSA) charts?
The immediate remedy for a hypoglycemic child is to give this________ to raise blood glucose levels.
Answer: What is a sweet beverage, such as apple or orange juice?
Other ways to treat hypoglycemia Administer glucagon IM, orange juice, or CHOs orally or IV glucose.
Answer: These infections can be transmitted through sexual contact and may lead to serious health issues such as HIV and hepatitis B due to the practice of sharing unsterile needles.
Question: What are sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?
Reporting STI Adolescents are uncomfortable about the pelvic examination and require a lot of support. Adolescents doubt the confidentiality of the agency and are reluctant to name contacts.
This is the most common form of childhood cancer.
What is Leukemia?
The most common symptoms during the initial phase of leukemia are low-grade fever, pallor, bruising tendency, leg and joint pain, listlessness, abdominal pain, and enlargement of lymph nodes. These symptoms may develop gradually or may be sudden in onset. As the disease progresses, the liver and spleen become enlarged.
Jeopardy Clue:
This life‑threatening complication of severe burns results from loss of the skin’s protective barrier and fluid retention, and is suspected when findings such as cyanosis, singed nasal hairs, charred lips, or stridor indicate inhalation injury requiring airway support.
What is impaired airway and increased risk for infection and fluid loss?
Answer: To prevent and treat diaper rash, it is recommended to change diapers frequently, dry the skin thoroughly after cleansing, leave the diaper area open to air daily, and use warm water for cleaning. This type of ointment is commonly recommended for treating mild diaper irritation.
Question: What is zinc oxide ointment?
Question: This synthetic hormone is administered to treat congenital hypothyroidism and prevent further mental retardation.
Answer: What is levothyroxine sodium (Synthroid, Levothroid)?
Medication is not to be discontinued because hormone replacement for hypothyroidism is lifelong. Parents should be taught the signs and symptoms of overdose, which include rapid pulse rate, dyspnea, irritability, weight loss, and sweating. Signs of inadequate dosage or noncompliance are fatigue, sleepiness, and constipation. Parents are instructed about these issues and are advised to consult their health care provider before giving other medications.
Question: According to the American Medical Association guidelines, families should keep this type of radio on hand to prepare for a community disaster.
Answer: What is a battery-powered radio?
This type of sickle cell crisis occurs when the bone marrow temporarily stops producing red blood cells, often triggered by a viral infection, resulting in a low reticulocyte count and possible need for packed red blood cell transfusion.
What is an aplastic crisis?
These precautions are required for diseases like pertussis and influenza and are used because respiratory droplets can spread up to 3 feet when a patient coughs or sneezes.
What are droplet precautions?
Answer: This infant and adolescent skin condition involves the sebaceous glands and is characterized by thick, yellow, oily, crust‑like scales on the scalp; in newborns it is commonly called “cradle cap.”
What is seborrheic dermatitis?
Question: Tay-Sachs disease is caused by the absence of this enzyme.
Answer: What is hexosaminidase A?
Question: One of the nursing goals in preventing and treating sexually transmitted infections in pediatric patients is to provide this type of guidance concerning sexuality at a level that the child or young person can comprehend throughout their developmental cycle.
Answer: What is anticipatory guidance?
In children with sickle cell anemia, this common pain‑relief intervention should be avoided because cold promotes sickling and ischemia, while heat increases the risk for burns due to decreased sensation in affected tissues.
What are hot and cold compresses?
These precautions are used for children with cancer who have neutropenia to reduce the risk of infection and include good hand hygiene, limiting visitors, avoiding sick contacts, and monitoring closely for signs of infection.
What are neutropenic precautions?
FYI No fresh flowers or raw fruits/vegetables