Ch. 33
This high-pitched, musical squeaking sound is typically noted on expiration.
What is a wheeze?
In infants, this enzyme activity is variable for the first 3 months of life as the gastrointestinal system matures. Medications requiring specific enzymes for dissolution and absorption might not be converted to a suitable form for intestinal action. Additionally, infants up to 8 months of age tend to have prolonged gastric motility, less acidic gastric secretions, and intermittent, unpredictable gastric emptying.
What is pancreatic enzyme activity?
This pain scale is used for infants from 0-6 months of age,.
What is the CRIES pain scale?
This condition in children can cause symptoms such as dry mouth, dark urine, decreased urination, irritability, drowsiness, and in severe cases, rapid breathing, fast heart rate, and sunken eyes. It often results from inadequate fluid intake, diarrhea, vomiting, or excessive sweating, and requires prompt rehydration to prevent serious complications.
What is dehydration.
This relatively mild systemic disease in children is characterized by an intense, fiery red, edematous rash on the cheeks, giving the appearance of a “slapped cheek.” Despite the rash, the child typically appears well.
What is fifth disease (erythema infectiosum)?
This superficial, grating sound is coarse and low-pitched, often heard during both inspiration and expiration.
What is a pleural friction rub?
These seven principles ensure the safe and effective administration of medications to children, including verifying the correct patient, medication, dose, time, route, reason, and documentation.
What are the 7 rights of medication administration?
This pain scale is used for children 3 years and older, while the numeric rating scale is used for children 9 years and older.
What is the FACES pain scale
This type of fluid loss can be perceived by the senses and measured, such as through urine, sweat, and feces. In contrast, this other type of fluid loss occurs through evaporation from the skin and respiratory tract and cannot be directly measured.
What are sensible and insensible fluid losses?
This syndrome, caused by Coxsackievirus, is characterized by inflammation and lesions in the mouth, on the palms of the hands, and on the soles of the feet, along with mild fever. Some children may also have small lesions on the buttocks. If lesions are widespread in the oropharynx, the child may refuse to eat or drink, increasing the risk of dehydration in very young children.
What is hand, foot, and mouth disease?
This approach in performing physical assessments in infants and young children involves completing tasks such as to pulses and respirations first, then progressing to more active assessments to increase cooperation.
What is the “quiet to active approach”?
When caring for a child with an IV catheter, the nurse should assess and document the site at least every hour, specifically looking for signs and symptoms of these three complications.
What are infiltration, phlebitis, and infection?
These interventions are commonly used to soothe and comfort newborns, including techniques such as swaddling, kangaroo care, breastfeeding, sucrose, and white noise.
What are nonpharmacologic interventions for newborns?
This level of dehydration in infants is classified by a 5-10% loss of body weight and can present with symptoms such as dry mouth, decreased urination, and irritability. It requires prompt rehydration to prevent progression to severe dehydration.
what is moderate dehydration.
When caring for a child with pertussis, nursing interventions include maintaining airway patency, auscultating lung sounds, assessing respiratory patterns, and monitoring for signs of complications. Nurses should also educate about proper coughing techniques, promote effective coughing, encourage fluid intake, administer prescribed medications, and provide chest physiotherapy as needed.
What are nursing interventions for pertussis? (whopping cough)
This assessment involves checking for an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, often performed by having the child bend forward at the waist while the examiner looks for asymmetry in the rib cage, hips, shoulder, and/ or spine.
What is a scoliosis assessment?
According to the CDC, the preferred injection site for infants and toddlers is this muscle.
What is the vastus lateralis?
These higher-pitched crying, fist clenching, grimacing, wrinkling of the forehead, increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate, and decreases in arterial oxygen saturation, are also associated with?
What are the signs and symptoms of pain in neonates?
This level of dehydration in infants is characterized by a 15% loss of body weight, leading to symptoms such as hypotension, impaired perfusion, and potential shock. In adolescents, it corresponds to a 7-9% loss of body weight.
What is severe dehydration? Needs to be admitted for IV fluids.
This virus may cause Koplik spots, which appear 1-4 days before the onset of a deep-red macular rash that begins on the face and neck and spreads down to the trunk and lower extremities
What is the measles virus?
According to AAP guidelines, children should start having their blood pressure checked at this age during routine well-check appointments.
What is age 3.
According to the CDC, the preferred injection site for children aged 3 to 18 years for immunizations.
What is the deltoid.
This topical anesthetic cream contains lidocaine and prilocaine and is used to numb the skin before medical procedures such as needle insertions, vaccinations, and minor surgeries.
What is EMLA cream?
This condition can result from diarrhea in children, leading to a loss of bicarbonate and an increased risk for metabolic acidosis.
What is the effect of diarrhea on bicarbonate levels and metabolic acidosis?
This bacterial illness, caused by Group A streptococcus, is characterized by a bright red rash that feels like sandpaper, a high fever, and a “strawberry tongue.” It most commonly affects children between 5 and 15 years of age and was once considered a serious childhood illness before the advent of antibiotics.
What is Scarlet Fever?
The entire course of antibiotic therapy, usually 10 days, must be completed to destroy all bacteria and decrease the risk of complications. Stopping antibiotics early can lead to bacterial resistance
For a 3-year-old child, the normal range for heart rate is 80 to 120 beats per minute, respiratory rate is 20 to 25 breaths per minute, and blood pressure is typically 90/50.
What are the normal vital signs for a 3-year-old?
These drugs are often preferred for treating bone and inflammatory pain associated with bone injuries, arthritis-like conditions, and certain types of cancer. However, they should not be given to infants under 6 months of age, and caution is advised for dehydrated children due to the risk of acute kidney injury. Prolonged use can cause peptic ulcers.
What are NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs)?
In pediatric patients, vital signs should be taken every 2 to 4 hours, and pain assessments should be conducted every 1 to 4 hours and with any bolus dose to evaluate the effectiveness of this therapy. Most hospitals allow children as young as 5 years old to use this method, where the patient controls the infusion of the bolus. Essential equipment includes oxygen, a bag-valve-mask device, and IV naloxone (Narcan), which reverses opioid-related analgesia and respiratory depression. Two registered nurses must check the medication bag or syringe before hanging.
What is Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) therapy?
This solution, made of water, sugar, and electrolytes like potassium and sodium, is used to treat dehydration caused by conditions such as diarrhea and vomiting. It helps replenish the body’s fluid levels and is suitable for people of all ages, including infants and children.
What is oral rehydration solution (ORS)?
This serious medical condition occurs in newborns younger than 28 days old and is characterized by a life-threatening response to an infection. It can be caused by bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections, with symptoms including fever or low temperature, fast or slow heart rate, and difficulty feeding. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are crucial to prevent severe complications.
What is neonatal sepsis?