Hypertension
This dietary approach is rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy, and is recommended to lower blood pressure.
What is the DASH diet?
According to the ADA, this hemoglobin value or greater confirms a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
What is 6.5% (Hemoglobin A1c)?
This cardiac biomarker is the most predictive of myocardial infarction and remains elevated for 7 to 10 days.
What is cardiac troponin (cTn)?
This specific plexus within the enteric nervous system controls motility of the entire gut and also contributes to secretion.
What is the myenteric plexus?
This adipokine protects against arteriosclerosis by enhancing insulin sensitivity, but its levels decrease as adipose tissue increases.
What is adiponectin?
These two endocrine disorders, one involving excessive growth hormone and the other involving the adrenal medulla, can lead to secondary hypertension.
What are acromegaly and pheochromocytoma?
Alcohol use can induce delayed hypoglycemia by impairing this liver process.
What is glycogenolysis (or glucose release from glycogen stores)?
A new pathological Q wave on EKG in the absence of symptoms may indicate this type of myocardial infarction.
What is a silent MI?
This pathological hallmark distinguishes Crohn’s disease from ulcerative colitis by involving the entire wall thickness and producing skip lesions.
What is transmural inflammation?
As adipocytes hypertrophy, the secretion of this pro-inflammatory cytokine increases, contributing to insulin resistance and tissue damage.
What is tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)?
According to JNC 8, this class of antihypertensive drugs is preferred in African American patients, including those with diabetes.
What are thiazide diuretics or calcium channel blockers?
This oral antidiabetic drug class is contraindicated in renal disease due to risk of lactic acidosis.
What are biguanides (e.g., metformin)?
This dietary pattern limits saturated fats and includes monounsaturated fats like linolenic acid to reduce MI risk and support cardiac recovery.
What is the Mediterranean diet?
These two red flag symptoms may prompt referral for colonoscopy in patients presenting with GI complaints.
What are rectal bleeding and iron deficiency anemia?
According to CDC guidelines, a person must reduce caloric intake or increase expenditure by this amount daily to lose 1–2 pounds per week.
What is 500–1,000 calories?
According to ACC/AHA guidelines, this is the category for a BP reading of 132/84 mm Hg.
What is Stage 1 hypertension?
Three out of five of these signs need to be present to diagnose metabolic symptoms.
What is central obesity, elevated fasting glucose, hypertension, elevated triglycerides, low HDL, and use of medication for diabetes
This vasodilator may cause tolerance with continuous use due to inactivation of the ALDH2 enzyme and must be titrated carefully during an MI.
What is nitroglycerin?
This type of dietary strategy focuses on limiting intake of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols to reduce IBS symptoms.
What is the FODMAP diet?
This bariatric procedure removes about 80% of the stomach and does not re-route the GI tract but alters gut hormones significantly.
What is sleeve gastrectomy?
The calculated value defined as the average arterial pressure during one cardiac cycle, often used in clinical monitoring.
What is Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
During sick days, diabetic patients should monitor this urinary component to detect the early onset of diabetic ketoacidosis.
What are urine ketones?
This antiplatelet drug must be chewed at a 325 mg dose during suspected MI and continued at a lower maintenance dose post-event.
What is aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)?
This FDA-approved non-absorbable antibiotic is prescribed to decrease bloating and diarrhea in IBS patients.
What is rifaximin?
A low number of this bacterial in the gut is often associated with overweight and obesity, though the mechanism is unclear.
What are bifidobacteria?