Week 1 & 2
Week 2 & 3
Week 5
Week 5 & 6
Week 6
100
A research study that looks at the "lived experience of parents with child with chronic illness" is an example of this type of study design.
What is Qualitative Study?
Rational:
The investigation of phenomena, typically in an in-depth and holistic fashion, through the collection of rich narrative materials using a flexible research design. See table 1.2 in text (page 11)
100
A relationship will not exist between hand washing and infection control. This is an example of what type of hypothesis.
What is a null hypothesis?
Rational: a Null hypothesis states the absence of a relationship between the variables studied. What are examples of a Directional? non-directional? See page 101 in text.
100
A Quantitative study design that begins with manifestation of the outcome variable in the present and a search for a presumed cause occurring in the past.
What is Retrospective study?
Rational: Table 9.1 in text a great tool to use. Can you give an example of a retrospective study question?
More questions:What are all the other types of research designs be sure to consider definition and examples of each of the research designs in quantitative studies
100
When researchers pay close attention to this when they monitor whether an intervention is faithfully delivered in accordance with its plan and that the intended treatment was actually received.
What is intervention fidelity?
Rational: see text page 160
Example of attention to intervention fidelity
McCarthy and colleagues (2015) described their efforts to monitor intervention fidelity in implementing an exercise counseling intervention that used motivational interviewing. For example, the researchers examined if motivational interviewing was faithfully used by the counselors.
100
Inferences about whether relationships found for study participants will hold true for different people and settings.
What is External Validity?
Rational: External validity is critical to evidence-based practice (EBP) because it is important to generalize evidence from controlled research settings to real-world practice settings. see page 154 in text. What are some ways to increase external validity/generalizability?
200
Does calorie counting reduce weight gain? Weight gain is an example of this type of variable.
What is a dependent variable?
Rational: A DV is The variable hypothesized to depend on or be caused by another variable (the independent variable); the outcome of interest. See text page 45
200
A term used primarily in the United States to refer to the institutional group that convenes to review proposed and ongoing studies with respect to ethical considerations.
What is IRB
Rational: The main purpose of the IRB is to protect the rights of human subjects involved in research studies. See Chapter 5 text.
200
These properties MUST be present in an experiment to be considered a true experiment.
What is an intervention, control, and randomization?
Rational: See text page 140.
- intervention—The experimenter does something to some participants by manipulating the independent variable.
- Control—The experimenter introduces controls into the study, including devising an approximation of a counterfactual—usually a control group that does not receive the intervention.
- Randomization—The experimenter assigns participants to a control or experimental condition on a random basis.
200
A study by Sardana et al. evaluated the antibiotic resistance in isolates of P.acnes in a tertiary care hospital in India. This is an example of this type of study.
What is Cross-sectional study?
Rational: It is a study design in which data are collected at one point in time; sometimes used to infer change over time when data are collected from different age or developmental groups. see page 149 in text.
200
This is a subset of population elements.
What is Sampling?
Rational: Sampling involves selecting a portion of the population to represent the population. A sample is a subset of population elements. In nursing research, the elements (basic units) are usually humans. Researchers work with samples rather than populations for practical reasons.
Question: What are the different types of sampling methods and examples of each?
300
In ventilated patients does head-of-bed elevation of 45 degrees compared to 20 degrees reduce incidence of ventilated assisted pneumonia. This is the "I" of the PICO question.
What is head-of-bed elevation of 45 degrees?
Rational: the intervention in the question was changing the elevation of the head of the bed. See text page 29-31. Table 2.1 is also helpful.
300
This study purposefully withheld treatment of Syphilis to study effects of the disease.
What is Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
Rational: See page 78 in text. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, sponsored by the U.S. Public Health Service, investigated the effects of syphilis among 400 poor African American men. Medical treatment was deliberately withheld to study the course of the untreated disease. It was revealed in 1993 that U.S. federal agencies had sponsored radiation experiments since the 1940s on hundreds of people, many of them prisoners or elderly hospital patients. And, in 2010, it was revealed that a U.S. doctor who worked on the Tuskegee study inoculated prisoners in Guatemala with syphilis in the 1940s. How did this study violate ethical principles?
300
Randomization, crossover design, homogeneity, matching and statistical control are all design options that control for this type of variable.
What is a confounding variable?
Rational: A confounding variable is a variable that is extraneous to the research question and that confounds understanding of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables; confounding variables can be controlled in the research design or through statistical procedures. Table 9.1 is a really good table to review.
300
This type of pretest–posttest design, which involves comparing two or more groups of people before and after implementing an intervention.
What is Quasi-Experimental
Rational: Quasi-experiments (called trials without randomization in the medical literature) also involve an intervention; however, quasi-experimental designs lack randomization, the signature of a true experiment. Some quasi-experiments even lack a control group. The signature of a quasi-experimental design is the implementation and testing of an intervention in the absence of randomization. See text page 145
300
This type of sampling selects participants by nonrandom methods and is less likely to represent the population.
What is non-probability sampling?
Rational See text page 163.
Question: What is probability, convenience, snowball, quota sampling?
400
A systematic review of nursing interventions to reduce ventilator acquired pneumonia is an example of this type of data source.
What is secondary data?
Rational: Secondary sources are interpretations and analyses based on primary sources.
Follow on questions: What is a systematic review? meta-analysis? quantitative study? qualitative study?
400
The right to freedom from harm and discomfort and the right to protection from exploitation both belong under this ethical principle.
What is Beneficence?
Rational: Beneficence: An ethical principle that involves maximizing benefits for study participants and preventing harm. See text page 80.
400
This is the lowest level of evidence.
What is Expert opinion or case reports?
Rational: 
400
Alterations in people’s behavior or outcomes that may result from their awareness of being in a study and getting extra attention.
What is Hawthorne effect?
400
Basic probability sampling involving the selection of sample members from a sampling frame at random.
What is Random Sampling?
Rational: There is a lot of confusion about random assignment versus random sampling. Random assignment is a signature of an experimental design (RCT). If subjects are not randomly assigned to intervention groups, then the design is not a true experiment. Random sampling, by contrast, refers to a method of selecting people for a study, as we discuss in Chapter 10. Random sampling is not a signature of an experimental design. In fact, most RCTs do not involve random sampling.
500
The purpose of this study was to describe how the return to school affects adolescents’ beliefs about themselves, their self-identity, and their social relationships (Choquette et al., 2015). This statement belongs in this section of the research report.
What is the introduction?
Rational: IMRAD format. Introduction, methods, results, and discussion. Introduction includes a review of lit, theoretical/conceptual framework, significance/need for study, study purpose, and research question/hypothesis. SEE page 61 in text. Be sure to know all components of IMRAD and what information belongs in each part.
500
A pledge that any information participants provide will not be publicly reported in a manner that identifies them and will not be made accessible to others.
What is a pledge of Confidentiality?
Rational:Study participants have the right to expect that the data they provide will be kept in strict confidence. Participants’ right to privacy is protected through confidentiality procedures. See page 83 in textbook.
Can you give an example of how confidentiality can be broken?
500
Caerphilly Heart Disease Study. 2500 men were recruited from a town in Wales to look at how environmental factors influence chronic diseases. This is an example of this type of descriptive study.
What is a prospective study?
Rational: A prospective study (sometimes called a prospective cohort study) is a type of cohort study, or group study, where participants are enrolled into the study before they develop the disease or outcome in question. The opposite is a retrospective study, where researchers enroll people who already have the disease/condition.
500
Longitudinal studies have a high risk of this type of participant issue.
What is attrition?
Rational: Attrition: The loss of participants over the course of a study, which can create bias by changing the characteristics of the sample from those of the sample initially drawn. Studies that occur over long periods of time have a higher chance of drop out.
600
This helps to formulate the research project, the concepts, theories or models involved, and your own ideas, into the existing knowledge.
What is a theoretical framework?
Rational: class PowerPoint
600
Action that willfully compromises the integrity of scientific research, such as plagiarism or the falsification or fabrication of data.
What is scientific misconduct?
Can you think of examples?
600
There must be a relationship, it cannot be explained by confounders and has to be temporal to establish this type of relationship in a study
What is Causality?
Rational:
- Temporal: A cause must precede an effect in time. If we test the hypothesis that smoking causes lung cancer, we need to show that cancer occurred after smoking began.
- Relationship: There must be an association between the presumed cause and the effect. In our example, we have to demonstrate an association between smoking and cancer—that is, that a higher percentage of smokers than nonsmokers get lung cancer. STATISTICAL RELEVANCE
- Confounders: The relationship cannot be explained as being caused by a third variable. Suppose that smokers tended to live predominantly in urban environments. There would then be a possibility that the relationship between smoking and lung cancer reflects an underlying causal connection between the environment and lung cancer.
See text page 139 & 140