Nurs 555 weeks 1-2

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100

Name the main three neurotransmitters

dopamine, serotonin, norepinepherine

200

name the parts of neuronal structure

axon, long branch of neuron that sends impulses 

dendrites, long tentacles that receive impulses, can have smaller dendritic spines

soma, cell body

300

the space between neurons where communication occurs

synaptic cleft

400

describe retrograde neurotransmission

 the postsynaptic neuron releases a chemical signal that then binds to and influences the presynaptic neuron.

500

describe excitation-secteration coupling

an electrical impulses open voltage-sensitive sodium and calcium-gated ion channels causing a down-gradient shift to the pre synaptic terminal. sodium is responsible for transport. calcium channels release the vesicles where neurotransmitters are stored, neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft and continue to the post-synaptic neuron

100

this transporter an important part of neurotransmission as well as a site of action for psychotropic medication

monoamine transporters

have a binding site for neurotransmitters and sodium in order to transport 5HT, dopamine and norepi.

200

this neurotransmitter is created from tyrosine

Dopamine

• The most important neurotransmitter in schizophrenia and psychosis is dopamine(DA)
• Dopamine is created from tyrosine (an amino acid) which is pumped into the cell from a tyrosine transporter and then is transformed by process involving 2 enzymes: tyrosine hydroxylase and DOPA decarboxylase into dopamine

300

this dopamine pathway is thought to be responsible for the positive symptoms in schizophrenia

mesolimbic pathway

• Excess dopamine in this pathway is the thought to cause positive symptoms of schizophrenia including hallucinations and paranoid thinking.
• However, if dopamine is blocked it can worsen lack of emotion, pleasure, and motivation.

400

this type of channel will open or close based on the ionic charge across a cell membrane

voltage-sensitive ion channels

exist in three states

• Open and active: allowing maximum flow
• Inactivation: which can be caused by stopping the ion flow before the channel has closed (called pore inactivation)
• Conformation changes that closes the channel
• Calcium structures are similar to sodium channels with a complicated amino acid structure with several subunits that can be sites of drug action
• They are often presynaptic and ultimately determine if NT is going to be released.
• No agonist system because they’re not responding to a molecule, they’re responding to electrical charge around them to open, be inactivated or closed

500

positive allosteric modulators and negative allosteric modulators need what to have an effect?

Neurotransmitters

100

name the three sites of action for psychotropic medications

monoamine transporters, g-linked protein receptors, enzyme systems

200

this site of psychotropic medication action can be compared to a lock and key by causing a change in the membrane and the function of the cell

G-linked protein receptors

300

a medication that causes the full function of a neuron to be received and allows for full signal transduction is called what?

agonist

400

this type of medication can be compared to a dimmer switch?

partial agonist, can produce a response more in line with an agonist or antagonist called a 'net effect'

500

this enzyme system for metabolizing medications is affected by smoking

CYP450, 1A2 system

100

this dopamine pathway is responsible for side effects such as prolactin release, infertility and breast growth

tuberoinfundibular

200

the mesocortical dopamine pathway is responsible for what type of symptoms in schizophrenia

negative symptoms, issues related to cognition and executive function

300

this type of mechanism of action blocks activity within the cell and reverts it to its original state. considered neutral, with no action of its own

antagonist

400

this type of mechanism reduces the potential for neuronal signaling to reduce activity

inverse agoinst

500

this enzyme system is responsible for breaking down risperidone and venlafaxine into their active drugs (paliperidone and desvenlafaxine)

CYP 450, 2D6

100

two classes of antipsychotics

conventional vs atypical

200

this amino acid neurotransmitter is thought to be excitatory and play a role in psychosis

glutamate

300

this dopamine pathway is involved with EPS and motor movements

nigrostriatal

• Deficits of DA in this area can result in Parkinson-type symptoms, akathisia and dystonia. (medication-induced parkinsonism)
• Psychotropic medications that block DA can cause those symptoms as side effects.

400

this type of channel requires a full agonist to have help for it to achieve full effect

ligand-gated ion channels. these channels need positive allosteric modulators (PAM) for full agonists to exert its full effect.

are receptors in like something binds to them but they are also quite literally a channel. they are a complex proteins and amino acids that has a binding site (hole in the middle) and then a channel.

• The channel is in the middle of subunits, and can be structures of 5 subunits (pentameric) or 4 subunits (tetrameric)
• Each subunit has a receptor site and different receptors can have different affinities for these sites.
• medications for insomnia and anxiety work this way
• in the agonist system, this type of channel is compared to a "leaky faucet"

500

Carbamazepine is an autoinducer of this enzyme system, which also can affect the metabolization of benzodiazepines, causing increased sedation if a medication inhibits this system

CYP450, 3A4