Lab Values
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
what are normal potassium values
muscle weakness, slurred speech, dysphagia, decreased respiratory effort, paresthesias, irritability, confusion, seizures, and coma
what are S&S of hypophosphatemia
Critically low sodium levels causing
<120 mEq/L
Regulate extracellular fluid volume, role in muscle contraction, regulates acid/base as NaBicarb
what is sodium
what is pain
whatever the person says it is, existing whenever and wherever the experiencing person says it is.
normal calcium values
8.6-10.2 mg/dL (serum)
nausea, vomiting, constipation, bone pain, excessive urination, thirst, confusion, lethargy, and slurred speech. ≥15 mg/dL is an emergency situation
What are s&s of hypercalcemia
hyper- Renal failure, some medications (NSAIDs, potassium-sparing diuretics,)
Hypo-Vomiting, gastric suction, diarrhea, use of diuretics
what is causes of hyper and hypokalemia
Controls intracellular osmolality, role in electrical impulse transmission (nerve, heart, skeletal, etc.)
what is Potassium (K)
rapid onset, less then 3 months, body responses. easier to treat depending on cause. protective in nature.
what is acute onset
135-145 mEq/L
What are normal sodium levels
nausea, vomiting, weakness, flushing, lethargy, hypoactive DTRs, respiratory depression, coma, and cardiac arrest
what are S&S of hypermagnesemia
Vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, use of diuretics
What are things that can cause hyponatremia
Nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, major component of bone and teeth
what is calcium
common with chronic pain, aka flares. can happen from, stress, the weather, etc.
what is exacerbation of pain
2.5-4.5 mg/dL
what are normal phosphate levels
tachypnea, weakness, lethargy, diminished cognitive ability, decreased cardiac output, dysrhythmias, and coma.
what are s&s of hyperchloremia
Head trauma, increased perspiration, decreased glomerular filtration
what are things that cause hyperchloremia
Metabolism of protein and carbs, neuromuscular function, produces vasodilation
what is magnesium
cutaneous- tissue pain. paper cuts, skin injuries, burns. Somatic- tendons/bones/ muscle. sprain, breaks, inflammation of joints. (what you have) visceral- organs, appendix inflammation. kidney infections. referred pain- pain that travels.
what are classifications of pain
normal Chloride (Cl) levels
97-107 mEq/L
numbness and tingling of fingers, mouth, or feet; tetany; muscle cramps; and seizures.
what are S&S of hypocalcemia
Impaired kidnes function, hypoparathyroidism
what are things that cause hyperphosphatemia
Acid/base balance, promotes energy storage, bone/teeth formation, muscle/red blood cell function
what is phosphate
are they easy to arouse? 1- awake/ alert (dose is fine)2- a little drowsy, easy to arouse. (still fine)3- frequently drowsy, drifts to sleep when talking (reduce dosage) somnolent- can't be aroused. discontinue, may have to use naloxone.
what is the sedation scale