Chapter 4
Describe the digestion/absorption that occurs in the mouth.
Chemical Digestion: Salivary Amylase (starches) and Lipase (Lipids)- start the breakdown of large foods.
Mechanical Digestion: Mastication (chewing)
Absorption: None
Where in the cell do the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain take place?
MITOCHONDRIA
Name the monosaccharides and disaccharides.
Monosaccharides: Glucose, galactose and fructose
Disaccharides: maltose, sucrose, lactose
What are the parts of the whole grain?
Germ, bran and endosperm
Refined grains only contain the endosperm.
what are the 3 classes of lipids?
glycerides, sterols, and phospholipids
What is an enzyme?
A protein used to speed up the rate of reaction, without altering or degrading itself
What is ATP? Why do we need it?
Adenosine triphosphate. It contains high energy bonds that when broken down is used to do work in the body.
Name the polysaccharides and describe their differences.
Starch: Plant source- Amylose (straight chain) & Amylopectin (lots of branches)
Fiber: Soluble (inulin, pectin, and guar gum)- breaks down easier- and Insoluble (cellulose and lignin)- harder to break down
Glycogen: Animal source- in Liver and Muscles, the form of glucose stored in the liver. (HIGHLY branched)
What absorption path do water-soluble nutrients take?
1. absorbed in the small intestines,
2. travel to the liver via the haptic portal vein,
3. then the liver regulates it and determines what will be done with it
What is the structural difference between cis and trans fatty acids?
cis= hydrogens around the double bond are on the same side (kinked chain)
trans= hydrogens around the double bond are on opposite sides (straight chain)
Where do fat-soluble nutrients go after being absorbed into the body?
fat-soluble move into the lacteals of the villi, flow through lymphatic vessels into the bloodstream FIRST, and THEN to the liver.
Where is Acetyl-CoA formed?
the mitochondrial matrix
what causes lactose intolerance?
lack of the Lactase enzyme in the small intestines
What do insulin and glucagon do?
insulin lowers the blood glucose levels and glucagon raises the blood glucose levels
Name the 2 essential fatty acids.
linolenic (omega 6)
alpha-linolenic acid (omega 3)
What is celiac disease? What happens when someone with celiac disease attempts digesting gluten?
An autoimmune disease where gluten causes damages to the small intestines. When you eat gluten-filled foods, an antibody attacks the cells lining the small intestines, leading to villi destruction which prevents them from absorbing nutrients
Which is NOT an accessory organ?
1. Gallbladder
2. Jejunum
3. Liver
4. Salivary Gland
Jejunum
How are fructose, glucose, and galactose transported?
Fructose= facilitated diffusion
Glucose and Galactose= Active Transport
What vitamins and mineral are added into enriched grains?
Niacin, riboflavin, iron, folate, and thiamin
*Nigerian rum is funny tasting*
What are the standard drink Equivalents you need memorized for the exam? (4)
12 fl.oz beer
5 fl.oz wine
1.5 fl.oz distilled spirits
8-9fl.oz of malt liquor
What is a probiotic? what is a prebiotic? and what are good sources of each?
Probiotic: live microorganisms (good bacteria) that provide health benefits when consumed (yogurt, kefir, kimchi)
Prebiotic: A 'good bacteria promotor', it feeds the probiotic (fruits, veggies, whole grains)
Difference between anabolism and catabolism
anabolism builds things up and catabolism breaks things down
(study help: cats destroy things.)
Why are carbohydrates said to spare proteins?
if you don't have enough glucose to meet your body's needs, it can be made from amino acids (gluconeogenesis). So, if you have enough carbohydrates in your diet you are literally sparing proteins from being used in a way it's not intended to be used.
What is the effect of nutrient density when 'added sugars' are added to a product?
it dilutes it! the nutrient to calorie ratio grows.
What are the 4 lipoproteins? where are they produced? what is their function?
BONUS 50 points: what lipoprotein is usually thought of as "bad cholesterol" and why?
Chylomicron- GI tract- transport dietary fat through blood to cells
VLDL- Liver- carry cholesterol from the liver to body cells
LDL- VLDL becomes it- carry cholesterol from the liver to body cells
HDL- Liver- carry cholesterol from the body to the liver.
LDL is called the bad cholesterol because high levels of it are strongly related to a high risk of cardiovascular diseases.