Vitamin Deficiencies
Mineral Disorders
Diabetes Mellitus
Atherosclerosis
Malnutrition/Obesity
100
An epidemiologic study observes increased numbers of respiratory tract infections among children living in a community in which most families are at the poverty level. The infectious agents include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophi lus influenzae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Most of the children have had pneumonitis and rubeola infection. The study documents increased rates of keratomalacia, urinary tract calculi, and generalized papular dermatosis in these children as they reach adulthood. These children are most likely to have a deficiency of
Vitamin A
100
Deficiency of which mineral is responsible for the development of gout?
Iodine
100
List 2 differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Insulin deficiency
Onset
Any other suitable difference
100
What are the 3 differences between a stable and a vulnerable plaque?
Fibrin cap
Lipid core
Inflammation
100
List 3 differences between marasmus and kwashiorkor
Diet
Protein compartment
Serum albumin
200
A 52-year-old woman with a long history of ethanol abuse has had increasing congestive heart failure for the past year. For the past month, she has experienced increasing con fusion, disorientation, and difficulty ambulating. Physical examination shows nystagmus, ataxia of gait, and decreased sensation in the lower extremities. Laboratory studies show hemoglobin, 13.1 g/dL; hematocrit, 39.3%; MCV, 90 μm3; platelet count, 269,300/mm3; and WBC count 7120/mm3. A long-term dietary deficiency of which nutrient is most likely to produce these findings?
Thiamine
200
Which substance is responsible for gout?
Uric acid
200
This type of lesion is present in which type
DM 1
200
Plaque changes fall into 3 categories. These are?
Rupture/fissuring
Erosion/Ulceration
Hemorrhage
200
A patient reports to the hospital with the following clinical findings:
Electrolyte imbalances
Pulmonary aspiration
esophageal and stomach rupture
History reveals she has had several episodes of binge eating to manage stress.
what nutritional condition would u suspect this patient of having
Bulimia
300
A 41-year-old woman had a chronic cough for 7 months. She had a positive tuberculin skin test result. A chest radio graph showed multiple cavitary lesions in the upper lobes of the right and left lungs. She was given isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol therapy. Now on physical examination 6 months later, a peripheral neuropathy is observed. Administration of which nutrient would most likely have prevented the neuropathy?
Pyridoxine (B6)
300
Describe the microscopic morphology of multinodular goiter
The microscopic appearance includes colloid-rich follicles lined by flattened, inactive epithelium and areas of follicle hyperplasia, accompanied by degenerative changes related to physical stress.
300
List the major acute complication of type 1 and type 2 diabetes
List the 3 common signs of diabetes
HHS
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria
300
Identify 3 types of cells found in this slide
Identify 2 other components of an atheromatous plaque
Foam cells
Lymphocytes
Smooth muscle cells
2) Lipid, ECM
300
In an epidemiologic study of individuals whose BMI is greater than 35, data on lifestyle and disease patterns are collected. Investigators observe that a subset of obese individuals has a consistently high caloric intake because they lack a feeling of satiety when eating. These individuals have diminished responsiveness of a hypothalamic receptor for which molecule
Leptin
400
An infant born at term has Apgar scores of 8 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes. The infant appears healthy, but 3 days after birth, there is bleeding from the umbilical cord stump, and ecchymoses are observed over the buttocks. Seizures soon develop. Which nutrient is most likely deficient in this infant?
Vitamin K
400
Describe the gross morphology of a liver with hemochromatosis
Enlarged
•Dense
•Chocolate brown
•Development of fibrosis and cirrohosis
•Cirrhosis
400
This is proliferative diabetic retinopathy under the fundoscope. Describe this lesion
Neovascularization and fibrosis, can result in blindness if involves macula. Hemorrhages result from rupture of newly formed capillaries. Organization of hemorrhage can cause retinal detachment.
400
What morphological lesion is being shown here?
Describe it
Which artery is the most vulnerable to plaque buildup.
1) Fatty streaks
Begin as minute, yellow fat macules which are elongated, minimally raised.
Microscopically composed of foam cells
2) Aorta
400
List 3 hallmark changes of severe acute malnutrition
Growth failure
Muscle wasting
Edema
500
The picture above shows a person with pellagra, this results due a deficiency in?
List the 3 clinical features that would be present in this person
Niacin
Dermatitis, diarrhoes, dementia
500
Describe the microscopic morphology of Gout
Crystals encrust the articular surface and form visible chalky deposits in synovium, synovium become hyperplastic, fibrotic and thickend by inflammatory cells and forms a pannus which destroys underlysing cartilage.
500
Identify this type of lesion
Describe the microscopic morphology
Nodular glomerulosclerosis
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules present. Ball like deposits of laminated matrix in the periphery of the glomerulus. PAS positive with trapped mesangial cells.
500
State 3 modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis
Outline the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
Diabetes
Smoking
Obesity
Hypertension
Dyslipidemia
Metabolic syndrome
2)
Endothelial injury
Hemodynamic disturbances
Lipid accumulation
Inflammation
smooth muscle cell proliferation & ECM deposition
500
It is 1:00 am and a hard-working second-year medical student is intent on finishing her pathology reading assign ment. Soon she begins to note that her concentration is fading because 7 hours have passed since she had dinner, and she is feeling famished. which molecule was most likely to have increased rapidly when she became hungry and decreased promptly after she finished her healthy snack?
Ghrelin