Energy Balance & Body Composition
What is basal metabolism?
: The energy required by the body to perform vital functions - heart beat, breathing, hormone messenger, nerve functions
List 3 causes of Obesity
Which vitamins are fat soluble, which are water soluble
Fat soluble - A, D, E, K
Water soluble - B and C
How to increase calcium in diet
1. consume milk, yogurt
2. consume cheeses, ice cream
3. choose calcium fortified OJ
4. calcium fortified plant "milks": almond/soy/rice milk--read the label
5. canned fish with bones, like sardines
6. certain dark green leafy veggies--collard greens/turnip greens/kale--not spinach
List BMI for healthy, underweight, overweight, and obese
Healthy weight BMI: 18.5 – 24.9
Underweight BMI: <18.5
Overweight BMI: 25.0-29.9
Obese BMI: >30
Lifestyle changes to decrease abdominal obesity
How do built environments contribute to obesity?
Vitamin D sources
Eggs, liver, butter, fatty fish, fortified milk (best for kids), Sun (no risk of toxicity, protect skin from burns)
Signs of mild dehydration
Thirst, sudden weight loss, rough, dry skin, dry mouth, throat, body linings, rapid pulse, low blood pressure, lack of energy (weakness), impaired kidney function, reduced quantity of urine, concentrated urine, decreased mental functioning, decreased muscular work and athletic performance, fever or increased internal temp, fainting.
To maintain weight (weight gain prevention), pt should exercise _____ mins/week.
To lose weight, pt should exercise _____ mins/week
150; 250
Lean muscular build, low BMI, height (taller>shorter), males > females (more lean tissue), rapid growth periods (infancy, pregnancy, puberty, lactation), physical conditioning, temperature extremes (hot and cold). Fever (increase 1 degree=7% increase in BMR), involuntary tremors (shivers, parkinsons), Prolonged stress (trauma, surgery, burns, wound healing), chronic disease (cancer, HIV, COPD, heart failure), smoking (nicotine), caffeine
Describe characteristics of a Fad diet
Functions of Vitamin K
blood clotting, synthesis of bone proteins, decrease bone turnover, protect against fracturs, intestinal synthesis by gut bacteria.
______ deficiency is the most common cause of Preventable mental retardation in the world.
Iodine
Describe Beriberi (what causes the deficiency, symptoms)
Caused by thiamin B1 deficiency. Wet beriberi affects cardiovascular, dry beriberi affects nervous system. Symptoms include loss of appetite, weakness, pain in the limbs, shortness of breath, and swollen feet or legs.
List 3 reasons why BMR would be decreased
Short, overweight body build, fasting/starvation/malnutrition, increased age (loss of lean body tissue), hypothyroidism, sleep (BMR is lowest when sleeping).
Leptin and ghrelin—where made, what is it, site of action, function…
Leptin- protein (hormone) produced and secreted by fat cells. More fat cells=more leptin production. Suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure. Obese individuals often have leptin resistance. communicates via hypothalamus.
Ghrelin- Protein (hormone) produced and secreted by stomach cells. Works opposite of leptin. Stimulates appetite and promotes energy storage. Lean individuals often have lower ghrelin levels than obese. Communicates via hypothalamus.
B12 and folate share which type of anemia?
megaloblastic anemia.
type of anemia characterized by very large red blood cells. In addition to the cells being large, the inner contents of each cell are not completely developed. This malformation causes the bone marrow to produce fewer cells, and sometimes the cells die earlier than the 120-day life expectancy.
Signs of severe dehydration
Pale skin, bluish lips and fingertips, confusion, disorientation, rapid, shallow breathing, weak, rapid, irregular pulse, thickening of blood, shock, seizures, coma, death.
What are the 4 D's of Pellagra
diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death.
What happens in the early & late stages of fasting
Early stages- Glycogen stores and fatty acids from adipose tissue used initially to fuel the body. Glycogen exhausted within one day.
Late stages- protein breakdown amino acids converted to fuel the brain. Ketone body production as fast continues. Nervous system adapts to using ketone bodies for some but not all brain cells.
What to tell a patient trying to lose weight
healthy eating patterns, physical activity, supportive environments, embrace small changes and reasonable goals, 1600 kcal/day for men and 1200 kcal/day for women, eating breakfast, smaller portions, foods with lower energy density, limited added sugars and alcohol, adequate water, mindful eating, monitor weight once a week
Symptoms of B12 deficiency
Weakness, shortness of breath, pale skin (anemia), fatigue
Smooth, red tongue
CNS: numbness, tingling in hands and feet.
GI: constipation, diarrhea, gas, decreased appetite, weight loss
Difficulty with walking, balance, staggeringàparalysis
Mental issues: depression, problems concentrating, behavioral changes, memory problems, confusion,
dementia
Who is at risk for Fe deficiency?
What symptoms are presented with Fe deficency?
Toddlers, teenage girls, women of child-bearing years
Anemia (microcytic, hypochromic=small cells, light in color), pallor, weakness, fatigue, reduced work productivity, inability to concentrate, apathy/lack of motivation, lowered cold tolerance, and spoon-shaped nails
What 4 things are required to absorb B12