Chapter 8: Nutrients Important as Antioxidants
What are molecules that donate electrons to neutralize free radicals?
Antioxidants
What is the most abundant mineral in the body that is stored in our bones and teeth?
Calcium
Blood is a fluid connective tissue of the circulatory system. What is bloods major role?
Transport absorbed nutrients to cells and waste products from cells
What measurement compares a person's body weight to their height?
BMI
What stage of the human lifecycle involves the development of a fertilized egg (also known as a zygote) into an embryo and then into a fetus?
A. Infancy
B. Prenatal
C. Toddler years
D. Conception
Prenatal
Which vegetarian pattern includes eggs but excludes dairy?
Ovo-vegetarian
What is a massive piece of legislation that determines the farm and food policy of the federal government?
The farm bill
Which type of diabetes is most common?
Type 2
What are molecules that have an unpaired electron and are highly reactive?
Free radicals
Calcium absorption relies on having adequate amounts of which vitamin?
Vitamin D
What is the liquid portion of blood called? What are the three main types of blood cells?
Plasma is the liquid portion of our blood, made up mostly of water. Platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells
A nurse measures a patient's waist circumference to assess the risk associated with abdominal fat. Which type of fat is most closely associated with increased chronic disease risk?
Visceral fat
A pregnant patient had a pre-pregnancy BMI of 23.5. Which total weight gain is generally recommended?
A. 11–20 pounds
B. 15–25 pounds
C. 25–35 pounds
D. 28–40 pounds
C. 25–35 pounds
What is defined as impairment in the ability to swallow?
Dysphagia
Which nutrient is most susceptible to damage during food preservation such as canning?
Vitamin C
Atkins Diet, the Paleo Diet, and the Ketogenic Diet are all have what in common?
They are examples of low carb diets
What are the “big three” vitamin antioxidants?
Vitamins A,C, and E
What is the continuous process where bone tissue is broken down and built up at the same location?
What glycoprotein is secreted by cells in the stomach that is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12?
Intrinsic factor
What is defined as an unpleasant sensation of feeling empty?
Hunger
How many additional calories are generally needed each day in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters?
2nd = +340
3rd = +450
What are 2 of the most important micronutrient requirements during childhood?
Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake.
Name the 3 government agencies highlighted as major US food regulators?
FDA, USDA, EPA
What is defined as achieving balance and integration of aspects that affect quality of life, including physical, mental, emotional, social, environmental, and spiritual dimensions?
Wellness
What occurs when there is an imbalance in any cell, tissue, or organ between the amount of free radicals and the capabilities of the detoxifying and repair systems?
Oxidative stress
Blood calcium levels are closely regulated by which hormones?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), Calcitriol, and Calcitonin
Vitamins and minerals act as coenzymes and cofactors. Which are coenzymes and which are cofactors?
Vitamins are coenzymes
Minerals are cofactors
What refers to the metabolic pathways necessary to support and maintain the body’s basic functions (e.g., breathing, heartbeat, liver and kidney function) while at rest?
Basal metabolism
Which macronutrient does an infant need more of during infancy?
A high-fat diet is necessary to encourage the development of neural pathways in the brain and other parts of the body.
What is a major food and nutrition related concern that older adolescents at most at risk for?
Eating disorders
What is the primary difference between enrichment and fortification?
Enrichment restores nutrients that were lost during processing whereas fortification adds new nutrients to enhance the nutritive value
Which dietary pattern would be most appropriate for someone with hypertension?
The DASH diet
Which antioxidant vitamin has high susceptibility to damage during cooking, freezing, thawing, and canning?
Vitamin C. Up to 50% can be boiled away
What is the name for vitamin D deficiency in children and in adults?
Rickets & Osteomalacia
Which statement correctly describes the difference between catabolism and anabolism?
A. Catabolism builds larger molecules and requires energy, while anabolism breaks down molecules and releases energy.
B. Catabolism breaks down molecules and generally releases energy, while anabolism builds larger molecules and requires energy.
C. Both catabolism and anabolism break down molecules to release energy.
D. Both catabolism and anabolism build larger molecules and require energy.
B: Catabolism breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones and generally releases energy. Anabolism uses energy to build larger molecules needed for growth, repair, and storage.
What are the 3 components that make up your total daily energy expenditure?
Basal metabolism, energy required for digesting food, calories expended during physical activity
Name 2 foods a pregnant patient should avoid because of the risk of a Listeria infection.
Unpasteurized dairy products, especially soft cheeses, and also smoked seafood, hot dogs, paté, cold cuts, and uncooked meats.
What stage of the human life cycle has the highest total energy and nutrient requirements?
Adolescence
What 2 dietary restrictions are common among muslims?
Alcohol and pork
What are the 4 elements of physical fitness?
Cardiorespiratory endurance, muscle strength, muscle endurance, and flexibility
What are chemicals that may affect health, but are not nutrients?
Phytochemicals
There are few food sources of vitamin D. What is one of the best food sources of vitamin D?
Oily fish, such as salmon
Which statement best describes a metabolic pathway?
A. A single reaction that breaks down nutrients without enzymes.
B. A series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that convert a starting substance into a final product.
C. A process that transports nutrients from the bloodstream into cells.
D. A series of reactions that only occur when the body needs to release energy.
B. A series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that convert a starting substance into a final product.
What is the aim of the Health at Every Size movement?
The Health at Every Size® approach emphasizes weight-inclusive care, intuitive eating, enjoyable physical activity, and reducing weight stigma. It focuses on overall well-being and health-promoting behaviors rather than making weight loss the primary goal.
For the first 4-6 months of life, what should children should consume exclusively?
Breast milk or formula
What stage of the human life cycle do adults begin to experience the first outward signs of aging such as wrinkles?
Middle age
Explain what a GMO food is and give an example.
Plants or animals that have undergone some form of genetic engineering. Soybean, corn, and canola crop is genetically modified. The process involves the alteration of an organism’s DNA, which allows farmers to cultivate plants with desirable characteristics. For example, scientists could extract a gene that produces a chemical with antifreeze properties from a fish that lives in an arctic region (such as a flounder) or make a tomato resistant to frost
What is the difference between a Registered Dietitian and a nutritionist?
A dietitian is a healthcare professional that has registered credentials who provided nutrition care.
What is an eye condition in which abnormally high pressure in the eye damages the optic nerve
Glaucoma
What nutrient can be found in collards, mustard greens, kale, turnips, broccoli, beans, black molasses, fortified juices, cereals, and milk?
Calcium
What disorder results in a genetic mutation that leads to abnormal iron metabolism, a high accumulation of iron in the liver, pancreas, & heart (also known as iron overload)?
Hemochromatosis
A nurse is assessing a patient who severely restricts food intake due to sensory sensitivities and fear of choking. The patient does not express concerns about body weight or body image. Which eating disorder does the nurse suspect?
A. Anorexia nervosa
B. Bulimia nervosa
C. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)
D. Binge-eating disorder
C. ARFID involves restricting food intake due to factors such as sensory sensitivities, low interest in eating, or fear of negative consequences, such as choking or vomiting. Unlike anorexia nervosa, ARFID does not involve restriction driven by body-image concerns or fear of weight gain.
What is the difference between gestational hypertension and preeclampsia?
Gestational hypertension: characterized by high blood pressure during the second half of pregnancy.
Preeclampsia: A possible complication of pregnancy marked by high blood pressure and high levels of protein in the urine.
Name 2 food- and nutrition-related problems that can affect school-aged children.
Malnutrition, food allergies, food intolerances, and lead toxicity.
Although the French diet typically is very rich, the obesity rate in France is significantly less than in the United States. Why?
Snacks are not frequent in France, and portion sizes are significantly smaller.
What is the "danger zone" in which bacteria can grow in food?
40°F to 140°F
What is the term for a group of similar chemical compounds that are collectively known as vitamin A?
Retinoids
Name 3 non-modifiable and 2 modifiable risk factors for developing osteoporosis
Nonmodifiable risk factors for osteoporosis include being female, being over age fifty, having a small frame, being White or Asian, having an endocrine disorder, and having a family member with the disease.
Modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis that can be changed are smoking, alcohol intake, physical inactivity, and poor nutrition.
Name at least 3 at risk populations for iron-deficiency anemia worldwide.
Infants, children, adolescents, and women are the populations most at risk worldwide for iron deficiency anemia by all causes.
Which concept suggests that individuals are entirely responsible for their own health and have a moral obligation to meet society’s definition of being healthy and productive?
Healthism
Name 2 food- and nutrition-related problems that can occur during the toddler years.
Choking, picky eating, food jags, early childhood caries, iron deficiency anemia, and toddler diarrhea.
What is characterized by poor food intake, which results in dangerous weight loss in older adults?
Anorexia of aging
Name 2 benefits of eating meals together as a family.
Family meals lead to the consumption of healthy food, tighter familial bonds, improved communication, the teaching of table manners to young children, developmental assets, such as support, boundaries and expectations, commitment to learning, positive values, and social competency
What is the difference between a food infection vs a food intoxication?
Food infections are caused by food borne illness from microorganisms, such as bacteria, parasites, or viruses. Food intoxications are caused by natural toxins or harmful chemicals
How much more vitamin C do smokers need vs nonsmokers?
35 mg/day
Besides calcium and vitamin D. Name 3 other vitamins or minerals that play a role in maintaining bone health
Phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride, Vitamins C and K, iron, copper, zinc
Iron deficiency anemia is classified as which type of anemia based on red blood cell size?
A. Microcytic anemia
B. Macrocytic anemia
C. Normocytic anemia
D. Hemolytic anemia
A. Microcytic: Small red blood cells; commonly associated with iron deficiency.
Define binge eating disorder vs bulimia? What's the key distinction?
Bulimia = Periodic loss of control over eating followed by purging or fasting.
BED = Periodic loss of control over eating not followed by purging or fasting.
Name 3 problems related to food and nutrition that may occur during infancy.
Overnutrition, early childhood caries, gastroesophageal reflux, diarrhea, constipation, colic, and jaundice.
A nurse is assessing an older adult who reports that food tastes bland and has started adding more salt and sugar to meals. Which age-related change best explains this behavior?
A. Increased sensitivity to salty and sweet flavors
B. Decreased taste threshold, making flavors harder to detect
C. Decreased size and number of taste buds, resulting in an increased taste threshold
D. Increased production of digestive enzymes in response to food
C. Decreased size and number of taste buds, resulting in an increased taste threshold. Taste threshold is higher in older adults, meaning that more of the same flavor must be present to detect the taste
What is the difference between low and very low food security?
Members of low food insecurity households have reported problems of food access, but have reported only a few instances of reduced food intake, if any
Very low food security which means one or more people in the household were hungry at some point over the course of a year due to the inability to afford enough food
Give an example of a conventional food, modified food, medical food, and a special dietary use food
Conventional - fruits, vegetables, dark chocolate
Modified food - enriched/fortified foods
Medical food - enteral formulas
Special dietary use food - GF food, lactose free milk, OTC supplements