Water
Vomiting, diarrhea, and excessive sweating can cause what?
Dehydration
Vitamins do not provide the body with energy. What do they do instead?
Provide a healthy nervous system, healthy tissues, provide antioxidants
What kind of digestion occurs in the mouth and what are the structures involved?
Mechanical (teeth, tongue)
Chemical (salivary amylase digests carbsand is secreted by salivary glands)
What do enzymes break down the following into:
Proteins =
Carbohydrates=
Fats=
Proteins = amino acids
Carbohydrates = simple sugars (monosaccharides)
Fats = fatty acids
Why can consuming excessive amounts of certain fat-soluble vitamins be harmful?
Excess cannot be excreted, they are stored in the body (in fat)
How long can we go without water?
Only a few days (3-7)
What are the three antioxidant vitamins?
What is a bolus?
Ball of food and saliva that gets swallowed
What is anabolism? Does it require or release energy? Provide an example of anabolism.
Set of metabolic processes that synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones (growth of new cells, storage of energy for later use); requires energy
Answer the following about bile: Where is it created, where is it stored, and what is its function?
Liver, stored in gallbladder, emulsifies fat into smaller fat droplets in the small intestine to help with fat digestion (increases surface area for lipases to work on)
Name two important functions of water in the body.
-Helps move nutrients & waste throughout body
-regulates body temperature
-keep blood pressure normal
- required for chemical reactions within body
A person has difficulty seeing in dim lighting. Which vitamin deficiency might be responsible?
Vitamin A
Where is the epiglottis located and what is its purpose?
In the pharynx (throat)
It ensures food goes into the esophagus and not the trachea (airway).
What is catabolism? Does it require or release energy? Provide an example of catabolism.
Set of metabolic processes that break larger molecules into smaller ones (digestion); releases energy
What are three other functions of the liver, not including the production of bile.
Detoxifies the blood, makes blood proteins, stores glucose as glycogen, produces urea from amino acids and ammonia which gets excreted in urine, destroys old blood cells
Which of the following are NOT sources of water?
-Watermelon, fruit drinks, bread, orange, pasta, rice, nuts, milk, coffee
There is water in all of these
How many B-Complex vitamins are there?
8
What is peristalsis?
Wave-like contractions that allow food and wastes to move through the alimentary canal.
Where is insulin produced and what is its job in metabolism?
Pancreas - helps cells take in glucose and store it as glycogen (anabolism)
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the pancreas does not produce insulin. Most people are diagnosed as children.
Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which the pancreas produces insulin but cells do not respond to it (although in late stage the pancreas may also stop producing insulin)
What do you call the condition where excess water leads to swelling, confusion, convusions, and sometimes even death?
Edema
B9 (Folic Acid)
Where are the names of the two sphincters, where are they found, and what is the function of each?
Lower Esophagael Sphincter - found at the junction where the esophagus meets the stomach - prevents HCl from flowing backward into esophagus
Pyloric Sphincter - found at the junction between stomach and duodenum of small intestine - controls how much chyme enters intestine
Where is glucagon produced and what is it job in metabolsim?
Pancreas - signals liver to break down glycogen into glucose (catabolism)
Where do proteins begin digestion and by which enzyme?
In the stomach, by pepsin