Lipids & Atherosclerosis
Which type of cholesterol is called “bad cholesterol” and promotes plaque formation?
LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein)
Which mineral restriction is key in hypertension management?
Sodium
Central obesity increases risk of which cardiovascular condition?
Coronary artery disease
Main electrolyte monitored in heart failure patients on diuretics is?
Potassium
Which vitamin prevents LDL oxidation?
Vitamin E
Which fatty acids help reduce triglycerides and inflammation in CVD patients?
Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA & DHA)
Which diet is recommended for hypertension patients?
DASH diet
Which index is used to assess obesity?
BMI (Body Mass Index)
Why is thiamine deficiency common in HF patients?
Long-term diuretic use
Folate deficiency increases which CVD risk factor?
Homocysteine
Excess intake of which fat increases LDL and decreases HDL?
Trans fats
High potassium intake lowers BP by what mechanism?
Promotes sodium excretion and relaxes blood vessels.
Waist circumference risk cutoff for men?
>102 cm
Which vitamin deficiency can worsen myocardial function in HF?
Thiamine (B1)
Which mineral deficiency may cause arrhythmia.?
Magnesium
Name the apolipoprotein mainly responsible for LDL particle structure.
Apo B-100
Daily sodium recommendation for hypertensive patients is?
<1500–2300 mg/day
Which diet pattern improves insulin resistance and CVD risk?
Mediterranean diet
Why should severe HF patients avoid excessive fluids?
To prevent volume overload
Which food group provides soluble fiber that lowers LDL?
Oats, legumes
Explain how oxidized LDL contributes to atherosclerosis.
Oxidized LDL is taken up by macrophages → foam cell formation → fatty streaks → plaque development.
A patient with HTN and edema should restrict which two nutrients?
Sodium and excess fluids (if severe)
Why does visceral fat increase cardiovascular risk?
Because ofinflammation, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia.
A cachectic HF patient needs what nutritional strategy?
High-calorie, high-protein, small frequent meals
Mechanism by which soluble fiber reduces cholesterol?
Binds bile acids → increased excretion → liver uses cholesterol to make more bile → ↓ serum cholesterol