Chapter 1
This is a multidimensional process by which people make choices that enhance their lives
Wellness
A healthful diet is high in
nutrient density
The function of this is to enclose the contents of the cell
cell membrane
A disaccharide is formed by the chemical bonding of
two monosarccharides
This is the primary form of fat in the diet
triglycerides
A polypeptide consists of a string of how many amino acids?
ten or more
This is the function of synovial fluid
lubricates body joints
Pellagra results from a deficiency of what
niacin
A beverage that contains 20 grams of alcohol mixed with a diet (0-calorie) soda has approximately how many kilocalories
140
Appetite is affected by
sights, smells, and environmental factors
Most dietary fiber is absorbed where
small intestine
When fructose and glucose are bonded together, they form
sucrose
This type of fatty acids is generally solid at room temperature
saturated
This is where amino acids are assembled into proteins
ribosome
This is the primary reason we sweat
This micronutrient is destroyed by exposure to light
riboflavin
This macronutrients primary role is to provide energy for the body
carbohydrates
Nutrition labels and what is on them is regulated by
FDA
Bile is made where and stored where
liver; gallbladder
In the body, the major storage sites for glycogen are the muscles and...
liver
The vast majority of fat digestion and absorption occurs here
small intestine
A complete protein is
A protein containing all 9 essential amino acids
Hyponatremia is associated with this condition
overhydration
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is associated with decreased absorption and utilization of what
thiamine
The energy-yielding macronutrients are
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
Which item on an ingredient list is the predominant ingredient in that food product
first ingredient
Often referred to as the cell's powerhouse, and produces the energy molecule ATP
mitochondria
These are the preferred fuels for MOST body functions
carbohydrates and fats
To facilitate the digestion of dietary fats, the gallbladder stores and releases a substance known as
bile
How many amino acids are considered nonessential
11
"Command center" of fluid intake is located where
hypothalmus
A person suffering from fatigue, muscle wasting, reduced cognitive function, and paralysis is most likely to have what condition
beriberi
Vitamins and minerals are considered
micronutrients
Food labels are not on what types of food
fresh meat and poultry
Another name for the large intestine is what
colon
This type pf diet can reduce the risk of colon cancer
high-fiber
This is where the majority of triglycerides is stored for future energy needs
Adipose tissue
The process where messenger RNA (mRNA) copies genetic information from DNA before carrying it to the ribosome
transcription
Majority of the body's phosphorus is stored where
bones
The primary sources of folate in the American diet are
enriched ready-to-eat cereals, bread, and grain products
This type of vegetarian eats vegetables, grains, fruits, eggs, and milk but excludes all other types of animal protein
lacto-ovo-vegetarian
Energy derived from food is expressed in what type of unit
kilocalories
The basic biological urge to eat when our body senses that we need food is
hunger
This hormone suppresses hunger
Leptin
diabetes
How many calories does 25 grams of fat provide?
225
This is an amino acid containing hormone
insulin
Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane toward solutes is called
osmosis
Iodine is essential for the synthesis of which kind of hormones?
thyroid hormones
This type of experiment is one in which neither the researchers nor the participants know which group is assigned to which treatment
double-blind
This plays a key role in stimulating appetite and enabling us to taste foods
olfaction
A diet high in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables appears to reduce the risk of what
colorectal cancer
Ketoacidosis can result in
coma and death
Consuming a diet high in this can increase your risk for cardiovascular disease
trans fatty acids
These proteins are critical to the body's defense against bacteria and viruses
antibodies
These two electrolytes are most important in enabling nerves to respond to stimuli
sodium and potassium
This can result from having too much or too little iodine in the diet
goiter
This new area of research seeks to uncover the links between our genes, our environments, and our diet
nutrigenomics
The information provided on a food label that identifies how much a serving of food contributes to your intake of nutrients based on 2,000 Calories a day is called the
Percent Daily Values
Reflux of gastric juices into the lower esophagus always causes this
heartburn
Type 1 diabetes destroys these type of cells
insulin-producing beta cells of the pancrease
Nuts are a good source of what?
healthful unsaturated fats
Significant chemical digestion of protein begins here
stomach
This condition is characterized by dangerously high potassium levels in the blood
hyperkalemia
Most of the body's vitamin A is stored where
liver
These three chronic diseases that fall within the top ten causes of death in the United States are associated with poor nutrition
heart disease, stroke, and diabetes
The Nutrition Facts panel on a box of granola indicates that one serving contains 1 gram of saturated fat and 2 grams of unsaturated fat. The label on this product is allowed to state that it is
low fat
These are tight rings of muscle that control the movement of food through the organs of the gastrointestinal tract
Sphincters
The extent to which a given food raises blood glucose and insulin best describes this
glycemic index
This triggers the breakdown of stored fat during exercise
adrenaline
A deficiency of protein can lead to what condition in which fluid accumulates in the body's tissue spaces
edema
The release of this nutrient from muscle cell storage sites stimulates muscle contraction
calcium
About 90 percent of vitamin E is stored where
adipose tissue