Energy & Metabolism
Which form of energy is most important for human physiology?
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
What is the primary source of energy for the brain?
Glucose
What type of fat is solid at room temperature and primarily found in animal products?
Saturated
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino Acids
Which vitamin can the human body synthesize without food?
Vitamin D
How much calories do you get from 1gram of Carbs, Proteins, and Fats?
Carbs = 4kcals/g; Proteins = 4kcals/g; Fats = 9kcals/g
What is the storage form of carbohydrates in animals and humans?
Glycogen
What type of fatty acid contains one double bond in its carbon chain?
Monounsaturated
What type of amino acid cannot be produced by the body and must come from food?
Essential
What mineral is essential for oxygen transport in the blood?
Iron
Name the organ that is primarily involved in nutrient absorption.
Small intestine
What type of carbohydrate cannot be digested by humans?
Fiber
What are the three lipid classifications?
Triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.
What type of bond links amino acids together in a protein chain?
Peptide
Which minerals act as electrolytes?
Sodium, potassium, chloride
Name the building blocks of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Carbs: monosaccharides; Fats: fatty acids + glycerol; Proteins: amino acids.
Name the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates
45% - 65%
What process adds hydrogen to unsaturated fats, converting them into solid fats?
Hydrogenation
How do proteins differ structurally from carbs and fats?
They contain nitrogen
Why are high doses of fat-soluble vitamins potentially harmful?
They can accumulate in body fat and reach toxic levels.
What is the term for the total of all chemical reactions that occur within the body to sustain life?
Metabolism
What is the process called when glucose is broken down to produce energy?
Glycolysis
What is the metabolic process that breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA within the mitochondria?
Beta-oxidation
What is the relationship between carbohydrate and protein intake for athletes?
Carbs spare protein for muscle repair; combined intake aids recovery and glycogen replenishment.
Name two common mineral deficiencies in athletes and one consequence of each.
Iron (fatigue, decreased endurance); Calcium (stress fractures, poor bone health).