Fetal CNS: Brain
The fetal head circumference (HC) is measured at what anatomical level?
At the level of the thalamus and CSP (not to include the cerebellum!)
The spinal cord normally extends to what level at term?
Between L2/L3
What is clubfoot called clinically?
Talipes
What view should you use to rule out a cleft palate?
Coronal Maxillary View, shooting beam up through baby's chin and orbits
6 Weeks
What structure is responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid in the fetal brain?
Choroid Plexus
What must you ensure when taking the perfect image of the fetal spine, either in transverse or sagittal plane?
You must see the closed skin line, with AMNIOTIC FLUID above it to ensure closure!
If you find a fetus with "rocker bottom feet"... What chromosomal abnormality do you suspect?
Edwards (Trisomy 18)
You have discovered a large fluid collection at 28 weeks behind the baby's neck. What is this pathology called, and what chromosomal abnormality is it most common with?
Cystic Hygroma; Turners Syndrome
What plexus of arteries in the fetal brain supplies the cranial structures?
Circle of Willis
What should the normal cisterna magna measure at 20 weeks?
Less than 6 mm
In a fetus with a short femur, but otherwise normal measurements... what chromosomal abnormality should be suspected?
T21 (Downs)
What image is used to rule out talipes?
Lateral View of the foot
While imaging the fetal profile, what measurement can you take to exclude the likelihood of Down Syndrome?
Nasal Bone (shortened nasal bone may indicate Downs)
What are the three embryologic structures that form the fetal brain?
Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain (or prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon)
How should you take a fetal skull measurement (BPD)?
Inner to outer skull bones (outer to inner)
You have discovered that the fetal femur measures below the 5th percentile on your 28 week scan. What should you do subsequently (what other measurements should you take)?
Measure all long bones
The presence of more than five digits on a foot or hand is called?
Polydactyly
What is the normal measurement of Nuchal Translucency?
Less than 3.5mm (Also depends on gestational age)
What is the first fetal brain structure that can be seen at 6 weeks with ultrasound?
Rhombencephalon
What is the area, the isthmus, if you will, that connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain structures called? (Hint: This is where the 4th ventricle is contained).
Vermis (NOT VERNIX!)
What is the shortening of the PROXIMAL portion of a limb called?
Rhizomelia
The presence of "webbed digits" on a hand or foot is called?
Syndactyly
What is the difference between a nuchal translucency measurement and a nuchal fold measurement?
Nuchal Translucency is taken at 11-13.6 weeks and is a sagittal plane.
Nuchal Fold: Anatomy Scan and in a Tranverse plane near the baby's head/cerebellum/cisterna magna
What is the process by which the neural tube is formed called?
Neurulation