Normal Breathing
This type of breathing, typical in healthy newborns, is quiet, regular, and unlabored.
What is normal neonatal respiration (eupnea)?
This type of breathing involves visible effort, such as nasal flaring, retractions, or grunting.
What is abnormal (labored) breathing or respiratory distress?
In normal breathing, this respiratory rate range is expected in newborns (per minute).
What is 30–60 breaths per minute?
This term refers to temporary pauses in breathing, which are abnormal if prolonged or frequent.
What is apnea?
A neonate with this oxygen saturation range is considered normally oxygenated.
What is 95–100% (on room air)?
Unlike normal breathing, abnormal breathing often presents with this audible sound on expiration.
What is grunting?
Unlike abnormal breathing, normal respiration does not include these signs like nasal flaring or retractions.
What are signs of respiratory distress?
In abnormal respiration, these muscle groups are often used excessively to help breathing.
What are accessory muscles (e.g., intercostals, subcostals)?
In contrast to abnormal gas exchange, a normal neonate would have this typical PaOâ‚‚ value on ABG.
What is approximately 60–80 mm Hg?
This clinical sign, absent in normal breathing, results from low oxygen and appears as a bluish skin color.
What is cyanosis?