History
One of the "greatest achievements in early navigation" was attributed to:
a) James Cook because he discovered the Hawaiian Islands
B) The aboriginal and Polynesians who mastered navigation using stars, winds, and waves
C)Charles Darwin who discovered the importance of vitamin C
D) Ben Franklins because he discovered the Gulf Stream
B) The aboriginal and Polynesians who mastered navigation using stars, winds, and waves
Overall oceanic crust is much thinner than continental because:
Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust
Ice (i.e., solid water) is less dense than liquid water because __________.
water molecules in ice crystals take up more volume than water molecules in liquid water.
Of the more than 70 different ions that are dissolved in seawater the two most abundant are _________.
sodium and chloride
What happens when two continental plates collide?
Mountains form
The first major, globe circling scientific expedition, took place on the:
a) HMS Beagle, under the direction of Charles Darwin
b) The OSU R/V Oceanus
c) Challenger, under the direction of C. Wyville Thompson
d) Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria, under the direction of Christoper Columbus
c) Challenger, under the direction of C. Wyville Thompson
Based on the principle of Isostasy, the vertical distribution of Earth's crust (i.e. continental and oceanic lithosphere) relative to the underlying mantle depends on:
thickness and density
Most of the fresh water in the hydrosphere is contained in the __________________.
glacial ice (especially Greenland & Antarctic ice sheets)
Which of the following is true? The density of seawater is:
a) increased by decreasing temperature and by decreasing salinity.
b) increased by decreasing temperature and by increasing salinity.
c) increased by increasing temperature and by increasing salinity.
d) increased by increasing temperature and by decreasing salinity.
increased by decreasing temperature and by increasing salinity.
All of the following are true about heat capacity except:
a) It is the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a body by 1°C.
b)It is the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by 1°C.
c) Its SI unit is J/K.
d)It depends on the mass of material.
b)It is the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by 1°C.
Who is credited with the identification of the Mid Atlantic Ridge, and later other spreading centers?
a)Mary Tharp
b)Bruce Heezen
c) Harry Hess
d)Alfred Wegener
a)Mary Tharp
Where do the deepest and largest earthquakes on Earth usually occur?
in subduction zones
True or false? The youngest rocks (basalt) that make up oceanic crust on the seafloor: Have an abnormal magnetic polarity signal
False, The youngest rocks (basalt) that make up oceanic crust on the seafloor have a normal magnetic polarity signal
Water is a powerful solvent: A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute (a chemically different liquid, solid or gas), resulting in a solution. Not everything dissolves equally in water. However, substances that are most easily dissolved are held together by:
ionic bonds
Water's unique properties are due, in part, to the type of bonds between the O and H atoms, called ________ bonds (fill in the blank)
polar covalent
_________________ traveled across the ocean 40,000-60,000 years ago. We know where they traveled based on radiocarbon dating and historical records.
The Aboriginal people of Australia
Which of these statements does not represent evidence of the Pacific Northwest margin being considered an active convergent margin.
a) The age of the Juan de Fuca plate is rather young (10 million years) even though the Pacific Ocean has existed for a very, very long time (200 million years).
b) Glaciers are present in most of the mountains higher than 3,000 feet, which are located on the North American Plate
c)Earthquakes are common along the region between the Juan de Fuca Plate and the North American Plate
d) A chain of volcanoes is located north-to-south along the North American Plate
e) None of the above
b) Glaciers are present in most of the mountains higher than 3,000 feet, which are located on the North American Plate
When seawater evaporates, all the dissolved salts ___________.
are left behind in the surface waters
Where does the ocean's salt come from?
The chemical weathering of continental rocks
Consider the residence time of a water molecule that enters the ocean from rivers. What would happen to the residence time if the flux of water from rivers were to double.
The residence time would decrease by half
Zheng He was Asia's most famous explorer from around 1405 to 1433. Led seven naval expeditions. Saw the commission of hundreds of ships. Expeditions were not to conquer but rather to ____________________________________.
Bring back items of great value to China, establish diplomatic relationships, or demonstrate China’s shipbuilding and navigational capabilities.
Which of the following is true about earthquakes?
a)They occur at all three types of plate boundaries.
b)They occur throughout the entire crust and mantle.
c)They can be caused by divergence or convergence of the crust.
d) They produce primary and secondary waves that move out in all directions.
e) "A" and "C"
f) "B" and "A"
g) "B" and "C"
h) "A", "C", and "D"
h) "A", "C", and "D"
The average kinetic energy of water molecules __________.
is directly proportional to the water temperature
The concept of residence time (RT) for a dissolved ion brought into the ocean by rivers can be most easily visualized in comparison to the residence time of river water using the following equation:
RT(ocean water) = RT(river water) x Concentration (ion in ocean)/Concentration (ion in river)
Given that
RT(river water) = 35,000 years
Concentration of SO4 (sulfate) in river = 10 mg/liter
Concentration of SO4 (sulfate) in ocean = 3,000 mg/liter
Which of the following is the most correct statement?
a)The residence time of SO4 (sulfate) in the ocean is orders of magnitude greater than that of river water
b)The residence time of SO4 (sulfate) in the ocean is roughly equal to that of river water
c)The residence time of SO4 (sulfate) in the ocean is considerably less compared to river water
d)The residence time of SO4 (sulfate) in the ocean is slightly less (about 30,000 years) compared to river water
a)The residence time of SO4 (sulfate) in the ocean is orders of magnitude greater than that of river water
The zone of rapid change in density in the ocean is called the _________.
Pycnocline