Stressors
This type of noise from turbine installation disrupts fish physiology and behavior.
What is pile-driving noise?
This federal agency has been running bottom trawl surveys since 1963.
What is NOAA (or NEFSC)?
This species' biomass is INCREASING near wind turbines due to reef effects.
What is black sea bass?
This experimental design compares a site before AND after development, with a control.
What is BACI (Before-After-Control-Impact)?
The US wants to build this many gigawatts of offshore wind by 2030.
What is 30 GW?
Sharks and skates are confused by these invisible fields emitted from wind farm cables
What are electromagnetic fields (EMFs)?
The paper tracked this many ecological indicators total.
What is 25?
This EMF-sensitive flatfish showed no significant long-term trend despite lab evidence of sensitivity.
What is little skate?
This index measures how much an indicator changes between consecutive years.
What is the Consecutive Disparity (CD) index?
The paper recommends collecting at least this many years of baseline data before construction.
What is 3–5 years?
Turbine foundations convert this type of seafloor habitat into a hard substrate.
What is soft bottom (or soft sediment)?
The Southern New England WEA sits roughly this many nautical miles off the Massachusetts coast.
What is 10–40 nautical miles?
This planktivore's index showed a strong long-term increase — suggesting changes in zooplankton.
What is the Ctenophore index (or spiny dogfish ctenophore diet)?
This non-parametric statistical test was used to detect long-term directional trends.
What is the Mann-Kendall test?
This phrase describes when scientists have lots of measurements but can't draw meaningful conclusions.
What is "data-rich, information-poor"?
This effect describes fish being attracted to turbine structures for forage or refuge — but may not mean more fish overall.
What is the FAD (Fish Attraction Device) effect?
This percentage of aggregate biomass indicators showed ≥50% year-to-year variability at the WEA scale.
What is 88%?
This guild of fish — consumers of decapods and amphipods — showed a significant INCREASING trend at the WEA scale.
What are benthivores (Decapod/Amphipod consumers)?
This type of monitoring design that only collects data after construction is the weakest approach.
What is a post-construction-only (or impact-only) design?
Wind farm stressors are expected to persist for at least this many years.
What is 30+ years?
These altered patterns around turbine structures can affect larval transport and food availability for planktivores.
What are hydrodynamics (or altered currents)?
This is the approximate number of bottom trawl survey stations sampled per year inside the SNE WEA.
What is 7 (± 2) stations?
These two sensitive species indicators showed no long-term trend at either the WEA or regional scale — despite being specifically linked to OWD stressors.
What are little skate and longfin squid?
This approach to monitoring would compare project-level trends against broad regional trends to detect divergence.
What is a cross-scale comparison (or multi-scale monitoring)?
This integrative management framework, referenced throughout the paper, links project monitoring to ecosystem-wide assessments.
What is Integrated Ecosystem Assessment (IEA)?