Chemical Bonding
Why do atoms form chemical bonds?
To attain a full outer electron shell/noble gas configuration.
What is an electrophile?
A species that accepts a pair of electrons.
What are the two main types of covalent bonds discussed?
Sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds
What do the dots in a Lewis structure represent?
Valence electrons
What is formal charge?
The difference between an atom's valence electrons when unbonded and the electrons it "owns" when bonded.
What type of bonding occurs when atoms share electrons?
Covalent bonding
What is a nucleophile?
A species that donates a pair of electrons.
What type of bond is every single bond?
Sigma (σ) bond
What are nonbonding electrons also called?
Lone-pair electrons
What is the formal charge of oxygen in H₃O⁺?
+1
Are most organic compounds covalently bonded or ionically bonded?
Covalently bonded
What does a nucleophile attack?
An electrophile.
How do sigma bonds form?
Through head-to-head overlap of orbitals.
What type of structure uses lines to represent covalent bonds?
Kekulé/line-bond structure
What is electronegativity?
The ability of an atom in a covalent bond to attract the shared electron pair toward itself.
What is the name given to the optimum distance between two bonded nuclei?
Bond length
A nucleophile is equivalent to what type of Lewis species?
A Lewis base.
How do pi bonds form?
Through side-to-side overlap of p orbitals.
How many lone pairs does a neutral oxygen atom usually have?
Two lone pairs
What is the formula for calculating formal charge?
Valence electrons − (lone-pair electrons + ½ bonded electrons)
What is the bond length of an H–H covalent bond?
74 pm
Name THREE classes of nucleophiles.
Lone pairs, π bonds, and sigma bonds
In a triple bond, how many sigma and pi bonds are present?
One sigma bond and two pi bonds.
How many lone pairs does a neutral halogen atom usually have?
Three lone pairs.
Is H₂ polar or non-polar covalent?
Non-polar covalent