Key Concepts
Define memory.
The ability to store, retain and recall information.
Name the three principles of the Cognitive Level of Analysis.
1. Human beings are information processors and mental processes guide behavior. 2. Cognitive processes are influenced by social and cultural factors. 3. The mind can be studied scientifically.
Define Social Cognitive Theory, including the steps necessary for observational learning to take place, and one study for evidence.
SCT is the assumption that people learn by observing models. Steps of observational learning: Attention>Memory>Imitation>Motivation Bandura 1961
What is the role of one hormone on human behavior. Provide a study as evidence.
Baumgartner 2008 - Oxytocin and breaches of trust in a game. Schacter 1962 - Adrenaline in euphoria or anger conditions (Green book pg. 55)
What is the only psychological method that can be used to determine cause and effect?
An experiment, but you already knew that.
Define neuroplasticity.
A theory that states that brain structure can change over time.
Define schema theory and provide one study you can use in an IB response.
Schema: Mental representation of knowledge stored in the brain. Can be seen as a network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations about particular aspects of the world. Studies: Bartlett (1932) QUASI-EXPERIMENT Loftus & Palmer (1974)
Explain the concepts of emic and etic, with a study for each.
Emic: studies one culture alone to understand culture-specific behavior. EX. Answers vary Etic: compares psychological phenomena across cultures to find out what might be universal across humans. EX. Berry 1967
What is one study you can use to explain an effect of neurotransmission on human behavior. Describe the study briefly.
Kringelbach & Berridge fMRI study of pleasure areas in the brain. DOPAMINE
In the movie "Back to the Future", what speed did the DeLorean need to reach in order to achieve time travel?
88 mph
Explain the research method used by Bartlett in his War of Ghosts study?
It is a quasi experiment. There is no manipulation of an IV and the procedure does not have a control group.
Explain one brain imaging technology and provide a study that helps you explain this technology.
Answers vary: EEG, CT, MRI, fMRI, PET EX. MRI: Corkin 2006
Define the term "Culture" referring to the ideas of Lonner, Hofstede, or Matsumoto.
Lonner: Culture can be defined as the common rules that regulate interactions and behavior in a group as well as the shared values and attitudes of the group. Hofstede: Culture is the collective mental programming, the "software of the mind" that guides people's actions and is distinct from other groups. Matsumoto: Culture is a dynamic system of rules to ensure survival including attitudes, values, beliefs, norms etc.
Explain the three principles of the Biological Level of Analysis, and provide a study that could be used to describe each.
1. There are biological correlates of behavior. EX. Case study on HM 2. Animal research can provide insight into human behavior. EX. Rosenzweig 1972 (Rats and brain plasticity) 3. Human behavior is genetically based to an extent. EX. Caspi 2003 - 5-HTT and stress & depression
Where did Ms. Eisenbaum go to college?
BGSU
What does the command term "evaluate" require you to do?
Assess the value of something by looking into the evidence. "Make an appraisal by weighing up the strengths and limitations of something."
Describe either the Working Model of Memory of the Multi-store Model of memory, indicating the important components and naming a study used to support the answer.
WMM: Baddeley 2002 (Central Executive, Episodic Buffer, Phonological Loop [articulatory control and phonological store], Visuospatial Sketchpad)>>LT Storage MSM: Proposed by Atkinson & Shiffrin 1968; Evidence from Glanzer & Cunitz (1966). Sensory Memory>ST Memory>LT Memory. Attention, Rehearsal, Encoding needed.
Explain one study linked to the formation of stereotypes and one study linked to the effect of stereotypes on behavior.
Formation: Princeton Trilogy (Katz & Braley 1933, Gilbert 1951, Karlins 1969, Devine 1989) Behavior: Darley & Gross 1983, Steele & Aronson 1995
What are the ethical considerations that should be taken into account with genetic research? Provide studies to back your response.
-Knowledge is limited>difficult to make conclusions b/c genetic research is correlational by nature. -Genetic research may be controversial -Anonymity & confidentiality especially important -Informed consent EX. Caspi 2003- If have 5-HTT gene, does not mean WILL be depressed.
How much money is a US Olympic gold medalist awarded?
$25,000
Explain the steps of the scientific method.
1. Observation and description of a phenomenon or group of phenomena. 2. Formulation of an hypothesis to explain the phenomena. In physics, the hypothesis often takes the form of a causal mechanism or a mathematical relation. 3. Use of the hypothesis to predict the existence of other phenomena, or to predict quantitatively the results of new observations. 4. Performance of experimental tests of the predictions by several independent experimenters and properly performed experiments.
Explain one study that describes how cognitive and biological factors interact in emotion.
Damasio (2000) defined emotions as being physiological signals that are a reaction to external stimuli, and feelings arise when the brain interprets the stimuli.PET scans different brain regions responsible for different emotions.
Explain the three principles of the Sociocultural Level of Analysis, and provide a study that could be used to describe each.
1. Humans are social animals with a basic need to belong. Ex. Tajfel 1970, Asch 1951 2. Culture influences human behavior. EX. Berry 1967 3. Humans have a social self which reflects their group memberships. Ex. Tajfel and SIT
Explain a study you could use to describe the interaction between cognition and physiology in terms of behavior. Be sure to provide at least 2 analytical points.
Davidson 2004: Does meditation change brain activity? 8 monks vs. 10 students, EEG, "unconditional compassion"- what does this mean? sample size?
The duck billed platypus is native to what country?
Australia