Back to Basics
Driver mutations occurring to this type of gene leads to oncogene development
What are proto-oncogenes?
The number of copies of a allele that can activate a oncogene
What is one copy?
The MMR in MMR complex stands for this
What is mismatch repair complex?
OGG1 and human MutY are this type of gene
What are tumor suppressor genes?
Cancers in this organ may be a result of chromosomal translocations of anaplastic lymphoma kinase with ERK to make EML4-ALK
What is the lungs?
This type of mutation doesn't affect oncogene expression
What is a passenger mutation?
Unlike inherited driver mutations, this type of driver mutation is present in somatic cells
What are sporadic driver mutations?
MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, & PMS2 are considered this type of gene
What are tumor suppressor genes?
PTEN driver mutations lead to loss-of-function, which leads to this change in the conversion of PIP3 to PIP2
What is decreased conversion?
Small cell lung cancer is associated with L-myc oncogene amplification, which codes for this
What are transcription factors?
Increased microRNA causes this change in the expression of the target genes
What is a decrease?
Tumorigenesis usually begins after about this many driver mutations
What is 5-8 driver mutations?
Inheriting this number of mutated allele copies in the MMR complex is sufficient to increase the risk of developing Lynch syndrome
What is one copy?
This is the most common form of mutated RAS found in humans
What is KRAS?
ROS1 is found in which type of lung cancer
This modification to histones allows for increased expression of target genes by converting the DNA to euchromatin
This epigenetic modification to target promoter DNA segments can lead to silencing of tumor suppressor genes
What is methylation?
Lynch syndrome is associated with mutations in this type of DNA repair done by proteins expressed by MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, & PMS2
What is mismatch repair?
This is the most common form of mutated RAF in cancer-driving mutations
What is BRAF?
EGFR mutations that cause increased signaling associated with lung cancer occur in this domain of the RTK
What is the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain?
This term refers to the requirement for both tumor suppressor alleles to be deleted/mutated prior to the loss of function of tumor suppressor genes
What is the two-hit hypothesis?
The most commonly affected tumor suppressor gene in cancers
What is TP53?
EGFR mutations also known as (HER1 through HER4) are associated with this type of lung cancer
What are non-small cell lung cancers?
In patients taking gefitinib, T790M is a secondary mutation that develops in this signaling molecule
What is EGFR?
The three oncogenes are most associated with squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma (NSCLC)
What is ALK, EGFR, & KRAS?