Tumor Immunology
This component of the immune system is involved in tumor recognition and defense.
What is the innate immune system
This results from the mutation of proto-oncogenes, which are normal genes that are usually involved in cellular proliferation or differentiation.
Oncogenes
(This mutation represents a gain of function mutation)
In a patient with medullary thyroid cancer, disease to these two other organs is necessary.
Parathyroid and adrenal disease (Pheochromocytoma)
This biomarker is valuable for detection of recurrence and prognosis in disease for colon cancer patients.
What is CEA
This type of adjunct induces anticancer effects through DNA damage
What is radiation
The adaptive immune system is made up of these different populations of T-cells.
What are CD4 and CD8 T-cells
Mutations in these types of genes result in development of cancer due to a loss of function.
Examples include Rb and TP53
Tumor suppressor genes
Annual calcium and parathyroid hormone levels, pituitary MRI with prolactin and Insulin-like growth factor 1 levels are recommended screening for this syndrome.
MEN-1
What tumor marker is used in detection and monitoring of pancreatic and biliary tract adenocarcinomas.
CA 19-9
This monoclonal antibody targets vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to inhibit angiogenesis in treatment of colorectal cancer
Bevacizumab
CTLA-4 is a co-stimulatory molecule. Blockade of this molecule has found to be effective in this type of malignancy.
What is metastatic melanoma
This is an example of a hereditary cancer syndrome resulting from various mutations or inactivation of genes involved in DNA mismatch repair.
What is Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC).
Early prostate cancer screening in men is necessary in patients with what type of mutation?
BRCA-2
What are GISTs.
Following breast conservation surgery for these two pathologies, adjuvant radiation is indicated.
What is DCIS and invasive breast cancer
Pembrolizumab, is a monoclonal antibody directed against this pathway as neoadjuvant/adjuvant therapy for melanoma, renal cancer, bladder cancer and non-small cell lung cancer.
PD1-PDL-1 pathway
Patients with this cancer syndrome also have a propensity for developing duodenal and ampullary tumors, gastric polyps, thyroid malignancies, and desmoid tumors of the abdomen.
In patients with BRCA mutations, at this age annual breast MRI and mammogram with tomosynthesis should be started.
What is 25 years old
These two tumor markers are used in conjunction for diagnosis and monitoring of germ cell tumors.
What is beta-hCG and AFP
These two chemotherapy agents are adjuvants for biliary cancer (gallbladder and cholangiocarcinoma).
What are gemcitabine and cisplatin (show improved medial progression-free survival of 8 months compared to gemcitabine only-5 months)
These are antibodies conjugated to other agents, such as radionuclides and are indicated for the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Immunoconjugates
(Examples: Ibritumomab with yttrium 90 and tositumomab with iodine 131).
These types of therapies act by binding of the antibody to specific tumor antigen, resulting in inhibition of a downstream signal or activating the patient's immune system against a specific tumor antigen.
These three screening modalities are recommended for FAP patients.
What is Annual colonoscopy (begin at age 10-15), annual endoscopy making sure to visualize ampulla (at age 20-25), thyroid US (begin as teenager)
This biomarker is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase with a role in cellular growth, differentiation and survival.
What is HER2
This is adjuvant treatment for patients with adrenocortical carcinoma after radical resection.
What is Mitotane