One Health History
Zoonotic/ Infectious Diseases
Biodiversity/ Ecosystem Health
Comparative Medicine/Human-Animal Health
Globalization and Health
100
What is One Health?
One Health is "the collaborative effort of multiple disciplines — working locally, nationally, and globally — to attain optimal health for people, animals and the environment
100
What is a zoonotic disease?
A zoonotic disease is a disease that can be spread between animals and humans. Zoonotic diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. These diseases are very common. Scientists estimate that more than 6 out of every 10 infectious diseases in humans are spread from animals
100
Name 3 ways ecosystem health/ biodiversity can influence human health?
Food system sustainability Small agriculture Climate Change (y'all better get this one) Ethnobotany (herbal remedies) ...etc.
100
What is comparative medicine?
Comparative medicine is a discipline in which the similarities and differences in biology among animal species are studied to enhance the understanding of mechanisms of human and animal disease. Comparative medicine facilitates the translation of basic science knowledge into clinical applications.
100
Name one example of how globalization affects the health of humans AND animals.
Global trade of wildlife exacerbates the problem of disease emergence. Other answers acceptable.
200
Name one current event/issue where One Health can be applied.
Practically anything.
200
Of the 1,415 microbes that are known to infect humans, what percent come from animals?
61%
200
What is conservation medicine (also known as ecological medicine, environmental medicine or medical geology)?
Conservation medicine is an emerging, interdisciplinary field that studies the relationship between human and animal health, and environmental conditions.
200
What organ system is particularly well-suited to comparative medicine studies? If you list an organ system different from the answer provided, list any limitations/ challenges that may occur in researching/ translating medical or health advancements between humans and animals.
The musculoskeletal system is particularly well-suited to comparative medicine studies since acute and chronic disorders of bones and joints have the same counterparts in humans and animals. Information gained from one species can be directly translated to another, thereby advancing the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders.
200
What is a health disparity? What role does globalization play in creating/exacerbating health disparities?
A health disparity is a difference in health outcomes across subgroups of the population. Health disparities are often linked to social, economic, or environmental disadvantages (e.g., less access to good jobs, unsafe neighborhoods, lack of affordable transportation options). Globalization: neoliberalism, unequal allocation of resources, voluntourism...many answers!
300
When was the One Health concept first introduced (year, time range or person)?
The recognition that environmental factors can impact human health can be traced as far back as to the Greek physician Hippocrates (c. 460 BCE – c. 370 BCE) in his text "On Airs, Waters, and Places".[2] He promoted the concept that public health depended on a clean environment.[3]
300
Many emerging health issues are linked to increasing contact between humans and animals, intensification and integration of food production, and the expansion of international travel. As the number of new infectious diseases emerged in the 20th century, scientists began to recognize the challenges societies face regarding these threats that largely come from animals. Name three agencies that are known for their work fighting disease by using a One Health approach.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) World Health Organization (WHO) World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Centers for Disease Control (CDC) ...and more!
300
How can deforestation affect ecosystem health and human health?
For example, burning huge areas of forest to make way for farmland may displace a wild animal species, which then infects a domesticated animal. The domesticated animal then enters the human food chain and infects people, and a new health threat emerges. Destruction of habitats can lead to losses of endangered fauna and animal species that have crucial function in networks of ecosystem balances. (There are other answers! ) Conventional approaches to the environment, animal and human health rarely examine these connections.
300
Name an example of how human-animal interactions impact your daily life/ health. Note: cannot be specifically zoonotic/infectious disease-related. Alternate: what is an example of a disease / condition that has been studied in and translated from animal-human and vice versa?
Flexible answers. Ex: diabetes, fractures, cancer, seizers, depression, etc.
300
What is urban/suburban sprawl?
Urban sprawl or suburban sprawl describes the expansion of human populations away from central urban areas into low-density, monofunctional and usually car-dependent communities, in a process called suburbanization. In addition to describing a particular form of urbanization, the term also relates to the social and environmental consequences associated with this development.
400
Who is the current head of the National One Health Commission?
Cheryl M. Stroud, DVM, PhD Executive Director
400
True or false: Rodents transmit plague and typhus to humans and are the original source of crowd diseases such as measles, mumps and pertussis.
Rodents transmit plague and typhus to humans, and domestic livestock are the original source of crowd diseases such as measles, mumps, and pertussis. One important exception is Mycobacteria tuberculosis. Genetic evidence suggests that Mycobacteria tuberculosis originated in human populations and spread to animals.
400
What is a coupled human-environmental system (known also as a coupled human and natural system, or CHANS)?
An integrated scientific framework for studying the interface and reciprocal interactions that link human (e.g., economic, social) to natural (e.g., hydrologic, atmospheric, biological) sub-systems of the planet. The phrase "coupled human–environment systems" appears in the earlier literature (dating back to 1999) noting that social and natural systems are inseparable.
400
Describe the four phases of FDA clinical trials.
Summary of clinical trial phases Phase Primary goal Phase I Testing of drug on healthy volunteers for dose-ranging Phase II Testing of drug on patients to assess efficacy and safety Phase III Testing of drug on patients to assess efficacy, effectiveness and safety
400
How can globalization and exploratory research on global or indigenous health approaches impact human, animal and environmental health -- as well as social circumstances such as poverty? Name 1 ethical, political and cultural challenge of global practice (3 challenges).
Many answers: Good example extracted from abstract from 2014 article in Pakistan: Unlike general agreement on the negative role of poverty alleviation with nature conservation, most modern agreements clearly connect biodiversity and poverty alleviation positively. Besides use in health care systems, harvesting medicinal plants and selling it for livelihood is an important part of most of the poor communities of Pakistan. But the commercial and socio-economic importance of medicinal plants has led the region to over exploitation resulting in depletion of plant resources. The main conservation issues faced by medicinal plants in Swat are overharvesting, deforestation, soil degradation, overgrazing, loss during collection and storage, unmonitored trade, lack of clear resource tenure and custodianships, little understanding of sustainable management parameters and knowledge of market requirement.
500
What was One Health formerly known as?
One Medicine.
500
Name three examples of Infectious Diseases (Emerging or none-merging). Extra points (100) if you can name the source!
Zika (mosquito vector) HIV, human immunodeficiency virus (chimpanzees) Ebola (bats/primates) Avian influenza (bird) West Nile Virus (mosquito) Lyme disease (bacteria/tick bite) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Malaria (mosquito)
500
Name 2 examples of positive and negative human-on-environment/environment-on-human interactions (1 positive, 1 negative). For any negative interactions you list, propose 1 solution.
Many examples: Water pollution, climate change, plastic consumption, food sustainability, use of pesticides, food production, etc.
500
Name 2 ways comparative medicine is translatable to either your everyday life or your future career.
Creative answers get extra brownie points :)
500
How does globalization affect your personal health, ability to be healthy, access health care in the U.S.? (Open to interpretation)
Flexible answers :) Ex. Health care access, U.S. economic expenditures on health care, research, public health/hard sciences and other health/ One Health work, etc. Political context, sociocultural and economics contexts of the U.S.
M
e
n
u