Math?
The four known essential elements which make up 96% of all living matter are carbon, hydrogen, and these two elements
What are nitrogen and oxygen
The bond found in a single water molecule between hydrogen and oxygen is called this
What is a polar covalent bond
This type of ion has a negative charge
What is an anion
When water sticks to itself it is cohesion, but when it sticks to something else, it is this
What is adhesion
This element can be the basis for carbon skeletons and functional groups
What is carbon
This functional group is found in amino acids
What is NH2
This is the principal molecule in lard and butter
What is a saturated fatty acid
A carbon atom must have this many pairs of electrons to have a full valence shell
What is 4
Combining more than two elements together results in this
What is a compound
If a living thing increases these, it will help maintain fluidity at lower temperatures
What are unsaturated fatty acids with double bonds
The high amount of this property of water allows bugs to walk on it
What is surface tension
This element is found in all organic organisms
What is carbon
This functional group can act like an acid in water
What is carboxyl
This type of biomolecule does not include polymers
What are lipids
If you know the number of protons and neutrons an atom has, you know this
What is the atomic mass
This type of bond is due to the sharing of electrons in the valence shell
What is a covalent bond
The unequal sharing of electrons results in these kinds of bonds
What are polar covalent bonds
This has the highest specific heat capacity
What is water
This substance is a polysaccharide that is a component in the structure of many insects
What is chitin
In which functional group can you find the property of polarity and a structure of COOH or COO-
What is carboxyl
The carbonyl group position can make the difference between an aldose and this type of sugar
What is ketose
When calculating how much more acidic one substance is than another, it is important to know that each level in the pH scale is this many times different from the next
What is 10x
This is formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another
What are ionic bonds
Equal sharing of electrons results in this kind of bond
What is a nonpolar covalent bond
Electrons in a water molecule spend more time here
Where is the nucleus of the oxygen
When an amino acid is changed in a polypeptide, the primary structure and biological nature change, and sometimes this level of structure of the protein is changed
What is tertiary structure
This functional group acts much like an alcohol, is represented by OH, and is negatively charged
What is hydroxyl
Humans can digest this type of bond, but not the beta type in cellulose
What is alpha-glycosidic linkage
If an oxygen atom has 2 inner electrons and 6 valence electrons it will be able to 2 of these with neighboring atoms
What are two covalent bonds
These bonds break easily, allowing water to vaporize
What are hydrogen bonds
The attraction between atoms that have opposite charges results in this type of reaction
What is a Van der Waals reaction
The interaction of this main component of a cell membrane with water is that one part is hydrophobic and one part is hydrophilic
What is a phospholipid
This level of protein structure results in the 3D shape
What is the tertiary structure
This functional group is represented by C=O and can have more than one R group
What is carbonyl
Animal fat is solid, while vegetable oil is not is due to this
What is the double bonds in vegetable oil
If the cytoplasm of a cell has a pH of 7, and the mitochondrial matrix has a pH of 8, this is the result regarding the concentration of hydrogen
Where can you find the hydrogen concentration in the cytoplasm being 10x higher than in the matrix
Double bonds in these aid in the fluidity at lower temperatures
What is the fatty acid tail
When a compound or molecule results in one atom being more electronegative, it is referred to as this kind of covalent bond
What is polar
Integral proteins must have this property
What is be amphipathic
The secondary structure of a protein is represented by these two forms
What are the alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
This functional group has a phosphate double-bonded to an oxygen, and three more single-bonded oxygens
What is the phosphate group
This is water moving across a membrane along the concentration gradient
What is osmosis
When you combine a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group and a sugar together, this is the result
What is a nucleotide
When an ionic bond results in a positively charged substance it is this
what is a cation
Substances formed from atoms equal in electronegativity they are this
What is nonpolar
The phenomenon of some molecules being able to pass through a cell membrane but not others is called this
What is selective permeability
This can move laterally along the membrane because of the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane
What is a peripheral protein
Functional groups are accompanied by these
What are the R-groups
Cytosine, uracil and thymine are these
What are pyrimidines