Data
Study that involves the collection, organization, description, analysis, and interpretation of data
Statistics
Variables that are typically integers representing a count of objects or abstract amounts
Discrete (variables)
Type of sample that involves surveying the first 30 students to exit the cafeteria
Convenience sample
A survey asks a political question that attempts to sway people's opinion while reading. Name the type of bias present in this survey.
Questionnaire/interviewer bias
Data in its original form
Raw Data
The type of variables used in a Likert scale (Strongly Agree, Agree, Undecided, Disagree, Strongly Disagree)
Ordinal (variables)
Type of sample that involves separating population into groups (strata) and randomly selecting members from each stratum
Stratified random sample
Typical type of bias that occurs in an internet survey
Voluntary response bias
Explain the difference between discrete and continuous data
Both types of data are numeric, but discrete data has gaps between adjacent values (e.g., whole numbers), while continuous data does not (decimal numbers)
Type of data representing number of siblings
Discrete
The type of sample that is the ideal, where each member of the population has an equal likelihood of being selected
Simple random sample
A survey is given to 20 seniors assigned to fill out a survey, but only 15 fill it out. Name the type of bias that may be present.
Nonresponse bias
Name a way raw data can be transformed into a statistic
Counting or finding the average
Explain the difference between nominal and ordinal data
Nominal data cannot be ordered in a linear way; ordinal data can be ordered in a obvious, linear way
You survey 50 seniors asking about what theme they'd like for prom this year. Explain the difference between parameter of interest and statistic with this example.
Parameter of interest = proportion of whole senior population that want a particular theme
Statistic = proportion of sample of 50 seniors who want a particular theme
Would calling just landlines to estimate the average age of residents of a city lead to an under or overestimate of the true average age? Why?
Overestimate; people who use landlines are typically older. We are excluding people who don't have landlines (undercoverage or under-representation bias)
An attempt to make a prediction based on the data we collect and analyze
Inference
Both ordinal and discrete data can be ordered with numbers. Name the difference between these two types of data
Discrete data represents objects that have been counted; ordinal data numbers are just assigned and don't represent counts
The natural variation from sample to sample that happens by chance
Sampling error
A random survey of seniors attending a KGC athletic event is done during the game. Everyone requested responds. The surveyor wants to make a claim about the entire KGC senior class. Name the type of bias present.
Over-representation bias (of seniors who attend athletic events).