Candida albicans
Candida albicans is a dimorphic fungus meaning it is
pseudohyphae and budding yeast at (temp)
germ tubes at (temp)
pseudohyphae and budding yeast at 20°C (yeast form)
germ tubes at 37°C (mold form)
Aspergillus spp. have septate hyphae that form ______degree angle branches ?
45-degree angle branches
the thick capsule surrounding Cryptococcus neoformans yeast cells is composed of ?
polysaccharides
mold forms of Mucor spp. and Rhizopus spp. form ______ hyphae that branch at ______angles ?
nonseptate hyphae that branch at right angles (90°)
HIV patients with a CD4+ count _____ at risk of developing Pneumocystis jiroveciipneumonia
count <200
Candida albicans infection can be diagnosed with _____mount of oral/vaginal/skin scrapings
KOH
Aspergillus Flavus makes aflatoxins found in what (food)?
Peanuts
most common manifestation of Cryptococcus neoformans infection in immunocompromised patients is ?
meningitis
Mucor spp. and Rhizopus spp. can enter the brain via the ?
cribriform plate
on chest X-ray of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia what iss the are a feature ?
“ground glass” infiltrates
The vaginal pH typically remains normal (3.8-4.5) in vulvovaginal candidiasi. what other mico will make the PH more basic?
Gardnerella vaginalis
Trichomonas vaginalis
A radiopaque structures that shift with change in position on chest X-ray (gravity-dependent)
aspergillomas (“fungus balls”)
__________test detects the polysaccharide capsule antigen of Cryptococcus neoformans in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid
Latex agglutination
where does Mucor spp. and Rhizopus spp. proliferate in ?
blood vessel walls
methenamine silver stain of lung biopsy or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid shows?
disc-shaped yeast-like cells
what are the ( 3 )risk factors for vulvovaginal candidiasis ?
uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
antibiotic
high estrogen levels (i.e. oral contraceptives, pregnancy)
___________ is (a type I hypersensitivity reaction) presents with migratory pulmonary infiltrates, wheezing, and increased serum IgE ?
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
cryptococcal meningoencephalitis may present with _______brain lesions on MRI ?
Cryptococcus neoformans fungi are _____positive ?
Cryptococcus enters the body through ___?
“soap bubble”
urease-positive
inhalation / lungs
What is the most prevalent opportunistic infection in HIV patients and is an AIDS-defining illness ?
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
Rhinocerebral mucormycosis can lead to ?
necrosis of the nasal cavity
Candida albicans can cause 5 disease states. what are they ?
1. cutaneous candidiasis - heat and humidity
2. oral thrush -oral steroid and immunosuppressio
3. vulvovaginal candidiasis - vulvar pruritus and a thick white vaginal discharge
4.infective endocarditis- tricuspid valve
5. esophagitis- adherent grey/white pseudomembranes
in severely immunocompromised and neutropenic patients, Aspergillus can invade blood vessels and spread hematogenously to .... resulting in ?
kidneys- nfarction and renal failure
endocardium- endocarditis
brain- ring-enhancing lesions
paranasal sinuses- tissue necrosis
initial treatment of cryptococcal meningitis is a combination of ________ and ______ (followed by long-term therapy of _______)
amphotericin B and flucytosine
(long-term therapy fluconazole)
allows for it to survival in an acidic environment
hint .. associated with diabetic ketoacidosis
ketone reductase activity
what is first line given prophylactically and treatment ?
what is the second line ?
Bactrim (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole)
pentamidine