Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitter released from the vagus nerve to slow the heart
What is acetylcholine?
The type of enzyme that break down neuropeptides in the synapse.
What are peptidases?
These use a high internal H+ concentration to transport GABA or glycine into a presynaptic vesicle.
What what is VGAT?
Dopamine exclusively activates this type of receptor.
What is metabotropic/GPCR?
Type of signaling molecule that does not get released from the signaling cell.
What is cell associated?
Norepinephrine is synthesized in this brain region.
What is the locus coeruleus?
This enzyme is necessary to synthesize epinephrine.
What is PNMT (phenylethanol amine N-methyl transferase)?
A transporter that moves glutamine into neuronal terminals for glutamate synthesis.
What is the system a transporter 2 (SAT2)?
This type of receptor can act as a transcription inhibitor until bound by a signaling molecule allowing access to the DNA.
What is a nuclear receptor?
An activated G-protein is bound by this molecule.
What is GTP?
Degeneration of neurons that produce this modulatory neurotransmitter is associated with Parkinson's disease.
What is dopamine?
This enzyme breaks down serotonin, dopamine, norephinephrine, and epinephrine.
What is monoamine oxidase (MAO)?
This transporter moves GABA or glycine into vesicules in the presynaptic terminals.
What is VGAT?
This type of receptor tends (most, not all) to be single subunit receptors with a pocket for ligand binding.
What are GPCR/metabotropic receptors?
Multiple neurotransmitters are released at the same time.
What is cotransmission?
A reason endocannabinoids and nitric oxide are considered unconventional neurotransmitters.
What is not contained in vesicles? OR
What is participates in retrograde signaling?
This enzyme converts glutamate to glutamine.
What is glutamine sythetase?
This plasma membrane transporter is important to maintain appropriate cytosolic calcium concentration.
What is the sodium/calcium exchanger?
Receptor type that changes conformation when its ligand binds thus releasing the intracellular enzymatic activity (such as kinase activity).
What is enzyme linked?
An amplification (1: many) step and a 1:1 step in intracellular signaling of GPCRs.
What are: (amplifying steps) activation of G-protein, production of second messenger (cAMP); phosporylation of targets AND (1:1) G-protein activation of effector molecule (adenylyl cyclase), second messenger interaction another effector (PKA)
Neurotransmitters that are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic retriculum in an inactive form.
What are neuropeptides?
The type of enzyme that adds phosphate groups to proteins the affect function.
A transporter that removes dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine from the synapse.
What is the NET (norepinephrine transporter)?
What is DAT (dopamine transporter)?
The reason heart muscle contractions are decreased by acetylcholine but skeletal muscle contractions are induced by acetylcholine.
What is heart response to mAChR and skeletal to nAChR?
An example of this concept is that several pathways leade to phosphorylating tyrosine hydrolase to affect its activity.
What is signal convergence?