Organelle - what's the function?
Ribosome
synthesizes proteins
breaks down waste products and old organelles
lysosome
What is autolysis? What organelle is responsible for this?
cell suicide, killed by enzymes released by lysosomes
What is the difference between a peripheral protein and an integral protein?
Peripheral - adheres to one side of membrane
Integral - passes completely through membrane
_________ occurs when particles are driven through membrane by physical pressure.
filtration
kidneys filter blood to make urine
water and small solutes filter in/out of capillary walls (gives tissues O2 and nutrients, reabsorbs CO2 and waste from tissue)
Mitochondria
makes ATP - energy for the cell
Peroxisomes
What is the difference between free and fixed ribosomes?
free = proteins for cell
fixed = protein for export
What do cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) do?
mechanically link cell to another cell and to extracellular material
Which molecule would diffuse fastest (assume all factors are the same except temp)
a) O2 at 100 degrees Fahrenheit
b) O2 at 90 degrees Fahrenheit
c) Glucose at 100 degrees Fahrenheit
d) Glucose at 90 degrees Fahrenheit
a) O2 at 100 F
- O2 is smaller than Glucose and molecules move faster at hotter temps (100 F > 90 F)
Smooth ER
makes lipids (including steroids) and carbs
stores excess fat and sugar, packages foreign bodies and debris to be phagocytized
inclusions
The liver is responsible for breaking down and detoxifying alcohol, making what organelle the most abundant in liver cells?
Peroxisomes
Discuss the three types of gated channels
voltage-gated - respond to charge change
mechanically-gated - respond to physical stress on cell
The concentration of NaCl is 2.5 % in the ECF and 1.8 % in the ICF. Is this a hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic solution? What direction will water move?
Hypertonic (more solutes in ECF, less water). Water will move into the cell.
Centrioles
aid in cell division
antenna of the cell, monitors conditions
singular non-motile primary cilium
The adrenal gland produces the steroid hormone cortisol, especially under stress. What organelles are required for this hormone to be produced and circulating throughout the body?
smooth ER, golgi complex
Does a water soluble solute require a receptor or channel to cross through the plasma membrane? Why?
channel because it cannot interact with the middle lipid layer
Discuss uniport vs. symport vs. antiport carriers. What type is the sodium-potassium pump?
uniport - carries one type of solute (e.g. calcium pump)
symport - carries two or more solutes simultaneously in same direction (e.g. sodium-glucose transporters)
antiport - carries two ore more solutes in opposite directions (e.g. sodium-potassium pump)
Golgi Complex
packages molecules into vesicles for transport, adds docking markers to vesicles, synthesizes carbs, modifies proteins (e.g. adds sugar group)
8-10 nm thick, gives cell shape, resists stress
intermediate filaments
Michael has recently been diagnosed with a rare genetic mitochondrial disorder called Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS). Was the mutation passed down from the mother, father, or both? Or, is it impossible to know?
from mother, since mitochondrial dna is passed down from mother
What is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
What does it do in the cold vs. heat?
Holds phosphates still, regulates fluidity of membrane
cold - keeps membrane fluid and prevents lipid tails from adhering to one another
hot - keeps membrane rigid and not too fluid
A macrophage encounters a bacterial pathogen in damaged tissue. The cell engulfs the bacterium and digests it using hydrolytic enzymes.
a) Is this phagocytosis or pinocytosis?
b) What organelle will destroy the bacteria via hydrolytic enzymes?
c) Will the cell membrane surface area increase or decrease in size after engulfing the bacteria? Will the cell volume increase or decrease?
a) phagocytosis (cell-eating) which is a type of endocytosis
b) a lysosome will destroy the bacteria
c) cell membrane surface area will decrease because membrane components were used to engulf the bacteria into a vesicle. The volume will increase because the vesicle and its contents have added into the cell