History
Important event in this history of organic agriculture in the US in 1990
What is Congress passed the Organic Foods Production Act (OFPA)
Top two organic crops in terms of sales in US
What are apples and lettuce?
Three components of the disease triangle
What are pathogen, environment, and host?
Physical barrier than prevents insects (e.g., cucumber beetle and squash bug) from damaging crops.
What is row cover?
Three components of Regenerative Organic Certification
What is soil health, animal welfare, and social fairness?
Formulated and wrote about the "Law of Return"
Who is Albert Howard?
State that ranked #1 in terms of number of certified organic dairy farms in 2019
What is New York?
3 approaches or categories of agroecological management practices. Framework for increasing sustainability that was discussed in Liebert et al. 2022. "Farm size affects the use of agroecological practices on organic farms in the United States"
What is the ESR framework:
Efficiency, Substitution, and Redesign?
Approach to plant breeding that involves farmers in the process and enables them to assess characteristics and make selections
What is participatory plant breeding?
The acronym IFOAM
What is the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM)
Person credited with popularizing the term "regenerative agriculture". Wrote the first journal article with the term in 1983.
Who is Robert Rodale?
Top organic product sold in US in terms of sales
What is organic milk?
3 perennial weed species discussed in lecture. These 3 species have rhizomes.
What are quackgrass, Canada thistle, and hedge bindweed?
Two main crop production constraints in organic agriculture
What are weed management and supplying enough nitrogen to the crop
Year that IFOAM was founded
What is 1972?
Wrote Farmers of Forty Centuries
Who is FH King?
Income threshold under which small operations may represent products as “organic” without certification. Must maintain records that demonstrate that the
products were produced in compliance with NOP standards for production and handling.
What is $5000 or less in income?
8 principles of soil health
What are:
Problem that occurs when organic materials with high C:N ratio are incorporated into soil
What is immobilization of soil nitrogen?
Four principles of organic agriculture from IFOAM
What is Health, Ecology, Fairness, and Care
Year final NOP regulations were implemented?
What is 2002?
3 of the 6 features that characterize organic 3.0
What are
10 steps for solving the organic weed management puzzle
What are
1. Develop a whole farm management plan
2. Conduct comprehensive weed assessment
3. Clean up problematic fields
4. Diversify crop rotation
5. Make cultural practices work for you
6. Fine tune control tactics
7. Be ready to rescue infested crops
8. Prevent seed rain and promote predation
9. Strengthen sanitation and prevent introductions
10.Monitor and adapt as needed
Method for quantifying organism growth and development. Used to predict crop and insect development.
What are growing degree days (GDD)?
Organization born in response to perceived weakening of organic standards. Provides an add-on label to USDA certified organic. Grassroots, farmer-led movement.
What is the Real Organic Project?