Vocabulary
Define "organic" in chemical terms.
"Organic" typically means a molecule has at least one carbon atom.
What prefix/infix/suffix denotes an alkyne?
-yn- or -yne
Why are wedges and dashes important to correctly draw for a potential drug?
A wedge or a dash could be the difference between a poison and a cure. They are not identical molecules.
Name two industries that often use esters.
Ex: perfume, food
What is Ms. Kelley's favorite FG family?
carbonyl family
What does 2o mean?
Secondary (attached to two R groups)
What does "-al" refer to?
Aldehyde
There are two "sides" to an ester. Name them, and draw a general schematic to illustrate the two sides.
carbonyl-side and alcohol-side (must draw a structure showing the distinction)
How does a SAR work?
You change a part of a molecule and then see how that structural change affected the bioactivity. You repeat this a lot.
Describe one physical property you expect from an amorphous polymer.
should be flexible, stretchy, and malleable (not brittle, won't shatter)
What are "isomers"?
Molecules with the same molecular formula but not identical structures
What does "-yl" refer to?
It means that the preceding group is attached to the subsequent group.
Write the molecular formula for toluene.
C7H8
How are plastics related to climate change?
What type of structural notation do organic chemists almost ALWAYS use?
line/skeletal
Describe the difference between "straight" and "branched".
Straight = one starting and one stopping point
Branched = more than one starting and stopping points
Polypropylene is exclusively made up of alkanes and nothing else. Why is it called "polypropylene" and not "polypropylane"?
The following reaction scheme depicts what type of reaction making nylon? Be thorough in your naming.
condensation polymerization
Draw a generic acid-catalyzed esterification reaction.
ROH + R'CO2H -> R'CO2R + H2O with heat and acid as reaction conditions
What is the name of the FG(s) that distinguishes an unsaturated fatty acid (or "fat") from a saturated? Explicitly describe which has which FG.
unsaturated = at least one alkene or alkyne
saturated = no alkenes or alkynes among the alkanes
Draw the molecule "methoxyethane".
CH3-O-CH2CH3 in line structure
CHALLENGE QUESTION
Given: HCC- + CH3CH2Br -> CH3CH2CCH + Br-
Predict: NC- + CH3CH2Br ->
NC- + CH3CH2Br -> CH3CH2CN + Br-
Describe the overall process of designing a drug, starting from the discovery of a promising secondary metabolite.
Points awarded depend on extent of detail and chronological ordering.
1. Biological organism with interesting bioactivity discovered and brought to a lab.
2. Extracts of organism screened preliminarily for bioactivity.
3. Molecules in promising extracts are isolated and screened individually.
4. Properties and complex structures of positive hits are thoroughly investigated.
5. Chemists make more of the natural product and synthetic derivatives.
6. Biochemists screen derivatives. Chemists make more derivatives. Repeat multiple times.
7. A highly effective lead molecule is put through preclinical trials.
8. If successful, the lead molecule is put through clinical trials.
9. If successful, the lead molecule is approved by the FDA as a drug.
10. The drug is legally sold.
Which common FGs do the two circled FGs in ATP most closely resemble
ester and carboxylic acid