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What are the two main types of ground tissue?
Cortex and Pith
Name one reason overfertilization is bad.
- Lowers water concentration(potential) of soil.
- Reduces diffusion of water into roots
- Water might diffuse out of the roots and into the soil.
- Causes roots to dry and plants to die.
What is a phase change?
Developmental changes that occur and allow plants to respond to signals that trigger the formation of flowers.
What is true of all animals?
- Multi-celled ingestive heterotrophs
- Organized into tissues (except sponges)
- Contain body symmetry (except sponges)
What is a characteristic of segmentation?
- Segmented animals consist of compartments that look similar but have different functions.
- Allow animals to have more flexibility in movement.
- Evolved independently over time.
- Occurs in different phyla.
- In vertebrates the backbone and muscle blocks are segmented.
What two processes do stomata go through?
Transpiration and Photosynthesis
Stomata
What are long day and short day plants?
o Long-day plants: Plants flower is day length is longer than a critical period.
§ Typically flower in spring or early summer
§ Daffodils or tulips
o Short-day plants: Plants flower if the day length is shorter than critical period.
§ Typically flowers in late summer or fall.
§ Golden rod
What is the sole diploblastic animal phylum?
- Phylum Cnidaria is the only diploblastic animal phylum.
Describe the process of flower fertilization
1) Pollen grain, carried by pollinator, lands on stigma at the top of the pistil.
2) Pollen grain forms a pollen tube that grows down and digests its way through the style, into the ovule and inside the ovary.
3) Pollen tube releases two sperm cells into embryo sac
4) Double fertilization occurs.
Name the three cell types in ground tissue
Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
What prevents excess water loss in plants?
Waxy Cuticle
How do plants detect day length?
§ Plants can detect the changes in the spectral compositions of light (percentage of longer wavelengths)
What are the three tissue layers and what do they form?
§ Ectoderm(outer): During development it forms the skin, eyes, and nervous system, in more advanced animals.
§ Mesoderm: In more advanced animals, it forms the muscles and skeleton
§ Endoderm(inner): Forms the digestive system.
What keeps water in a column within a plant?
1) Cohesion: Water molecules are attracted to each other b/c of their hydrogen bonds
2) Adhesion: Water molecules stick to the sides of xylem tubes
3) High tensile strength: Xylem vessels are narrow causing them to have a higher tensile strength.
What are the two main characteristics of sieve tubes?
Live cells, no nucleus
What is the job of guard cells?
To regulate gas intake and water
What is the phytochrome and what does it do?
o Regulates transcription of the CO(Constans) gene (controls flowering response)
- Phytochrome is the red sensitive pigment
Why were body cavities developed in animals?
- Needed for the development of more complex organ systems.
What is cavitation?
Cavitation: When injury results in air bubbles causing the flow to be blocked
Name all of the components of secondary growth
Secondary xylem (wood), Secondary phloem, Periderm (Bark tissue)
Where can sap move to during translocation?
To the branches or fruit of the tree.
Name and describe all 3 types of vegetative reproduction, provide examples
- Runners(stolons): Long, slender stems that grow along the surface of soil. (strawberries)
- Rhizomes: Underground identical stems (grass)
- Suckers: On the roots of some plants (raspberry or apple)
What is the difference between a coelom and pseudocoelom, and what animals have which?
Pseudocoelom: Body cavity develops between mesoderm and endoderm layers.
- Members of the Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Coelom: Body cavity develops within mesoderm layer entirely
- Most bilaterally symmetrical animals
Name the 4 bilateral cuts and what the represent
§ Dorsal surface: upper
§ Ventral surface: lower
§ Anterior end: front
§ Posterior end: rear