Perceptual Narrowing
Around what age do English-only infants struggle to distinguish Mandarin consonant–vowel contrasts?
Around 9-12 months
What makes infants like a puppet more in the monkey mittens study (Mahajan & Wynn, 2012) when given a choice versus assigned a mitten?
given a choice; as in they were able to establish a similarity when they made their own choice and saw the monkey make a choice versus when they were assigned.
This cognitive tendency involves believing that categories reflect deep, unchangeable essences.
essentialism
Functional use of gender by teachers (e.g., boys line up!) causes an increase in gender stereotypes. True or False?
True
Most children begin producing gender labels in everyday speech at this age.
around age 2
At this age, White infants raised in mostly White environments begin to look longer at own-race faces than other-race faces.
around 3 months
In minimal group study by Dunham, Baron, & Carey (2011), how does children’s memory differ for ingroup vs. outgroup even when children do not explicitly dislike the outgroup?
Better memory for positive actions by ingroup and negative actions by outgroup
Minimal groups (e.g., showing two groups of novel people without any generic language) are sufficient to cause essentialism in children. True or False?
False, minimal groups don’t cause children to essentialize
What is an example of how positive stereotypes can be harmful?
Model minority myth
What is the difference between gender-ability vs. gender-interest stereotypes and what do latest research suggest affects girls' interest in STEM more?
gender-ability is “girls are bad at STEM” vs. gender-interest is “girls are not interested in STEM”; recent research suggest “gender-interest” is more predictive of less interest in STEM with increased efforts that battled against gender-ability stereotypes
Which type of experience does improve infants’ ability to discriminate foreign language sounds versus which ones do not?
live, in-person interactions but not videos or audio only.
In white U.S. children, when do ingroup preferences for gender versus race emerge?
gender ingroup preference emerges by 3 years of age but race ingroup preference emerges by 5 years of age
List two negative consequences of social essentialism.
Stereotypes, racial prejudice, hypodescent/multiracial categorization, less support for restorative justice, more support for boundary-enhancing policies
Adults and children from societally marginalized groups show STRONG or WEAK pro-ingroup IAT scores?
Weak
What is one type of language mothers or parents use even if they are not explicitly mentioning gender stereotypes?
generics, labels, contrasting male vs. female
Why are most infants better at recognizing female faces than male faces? And what is one way scientists have shown this is experience based?
More exposure to caregivers who are female than male. Infants with primary male caregivers show better recognition for male than female faces.
Racially minoritized children show racial ingroup preference like white children. True or False?
False; minoritized children show mixed; sometimes, ingroup, none, or more outgroup preference
In the college town vs. small town study (Rhodes & Gelman, 2009) that tested children’s essentialism of animals, artifacts, gender, and race, around what age were there town differences?
around age 10 (and at age 17 but not at ages 5 and 7)
This developmental pattern characterizes White children’s explicit versus implicit racial bias: explicit bias decreases with age, while implicit bias_____ with age and by age 6, white children’s racial IAT scores tend to be ______ compared to white adults’ scores.
does not change; the same level
Between using “be a scientist” vs. “do science” which language is more effective for girls to persist longer in a science task?
“do science”
Infants respond SAME or DIFFERENTLY to upright faces and top-heavy mashed up faces, suggesting what?
SAME, suggesting infants have a rough innate face template but it is not highly specific
Switching from force-choice to multi-response measures revealed what about early racial bias in white children (in terms of associating positive and negative adjectives?)
Force-choice, children associated positive with white and negative with Black, but with multi-response, children still associated more positive with white but not more negative for Black or First Nation
Name the four factors that contribute to making a category salient for kids in Developmental Intergroup Theory (DIT)?
Perceptual discriminability,
proportional group size,
explicit labeling and use,
implicit use
How do studies on stereotype threat make Asian American girls perform worse on a math test vs. better on a math test? And are these effects strong/robust?
worse = prime them/draw picture of female related images;
better = prime them/draw pictures of asian related images.
No, these effects may be overblown.
What is one feature that makes a role model especially effective for motivating children?
role model is competent & successful, meaningfully similar to students, role models from traditionally underrepresented backgrounds, portray success as attainable