Strategies
What is the difference between osmoregulators and osmoconformers?
Regulators are in stable environments and conformers move between osmotic conditions
List the 4 processes that occur in excretory tubes
1. Filration
2. Reabsorption
3. Secretion
4. Excretion
List the 4 main parts of a nephron
Proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule, collecting duct
Define osmoregulation
process by which animals control solute
concentrations and balance water gain and loss
If you encountered a fish in a marine environment what do they excrete and retain?
Excrete ions and small amounts of water
How do tubes differ in protonephridia versus metanephridia.
Cap cells with cilia in flatworms versus winding tubes surrounded by capillaries.
The descending loop (secretes/retains) water and the ascending loop (secretes/retains) NaCl
secretes, secretes
define iso, hyper, and hyposmotic
same, higher, lower concentration
What does having transport epithelia allow marine animals to do?
Drink saltwater due to presence of salt glands
Name and describe the kind of tubes do insects have
Malphigian tubules that float in hemolymph and retain water.
Explain the difference between juxtamedullary nephrons and cortical nephrons. What would cause a higher use of cortical nephrons?
Juxtamedullary are longer and extend deep into the medulla so allow for more reabsorption where cortical are shorter. Coritcal used more if hydrated because you don't need to hold onto as much water.
Nitrogenenous waste
By product in the form of ammonia from protein and nucleic acid. Toxic if not removed
List the 3 types of nitrogenous waste that can be produced by animals and rank them from most to least dilute.
Ammonia, urea, uric acid
The mamalian excretory tube us known as a ____ housed inside the ____?
nephron, kidney
Describe the 2 ways thirst can be fixed
1. Drinking
2. Inserting Aquaporins to descending loop
Aquaporins
present in the nephron to allow water facilitated diffusion. Channel protein
Match the regulation system to the kind of urine it produces (protoneph, metaneph, malphig)
protonephridia-dilute urine
metanephridia-dilute urine
Malphighian tubes-uric acid
What are the overall functions of excretory tubes?
Eliminate nitrogenous waste and regulate water/solute levels
Describe the difference between the thick and thin segments of the ascending loop.
thick-salt actively transported out to outer medulla
thin-salt diffuses out to inner medulla
Give the function of renal artery, renal vein, renal ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Artery-blood to the kidney
-vein-blood from the kidney
-Ureter-carries filtrate (urine) from the kidney to the bladder
-Bladder-holds urine
-Urethra-expels urine from the body