More than 98% of calcium is present in the _____ .
What are bones?
100
The most common sites of osteoporosis fractures
What are the vertebrae, wrist and hip?
100
Absorption from the GI tract is extremely poor with this class of medication
What are the bisphosphonates?
100
Set by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences to represent the average daily dietary intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all healthy individuals
What is the RDA (recommended dietary allowances)?
100
used to treat symptoms of menopause
What is black cohash?
200
The body regulates the balance of calcium levels via ____________________, ______________ and ____________.
What are parathyroid hormone, vitamin D and calcitonin?
200
1) ensure adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D
2) adopt lifestyle measures that promote bone health (weight bearing exercise, avoidance of smoking and excessive alcohol)
What are ways to minimize risk of osteoporosis?
200
Alendronate should be taken with a full glass of water and patient should remain upright for at least 30 minutes to avoid this.
What is severe esophagitis?
200
Can cause night blindness, xerophthalmia and keratomalacia
What is vitamin A deficiency?
200
With daily intake can prevent UTIs in teenager or young women
What is cranberry juice?
300
Acts opposite to the parathyroid hormone and vitamin D
What is calcitonin?
300
1st line therapy for osteoporosis
What are bisphosphonates?
300
Side effects are rare but can include musculoskeletal pain, ocular inflammation, atypical femur fractures and osteonecrosis of the jaw amongst others.
What are bisphosphonates?
300
Can cause rickets or osteomalacia.
What is a vitamin D deficiency?
300
May decrease total cholesterol and LDL and should be taken separate from all other medications
What is flaxseed?
400
IV fluid and loop diuretics
What is the 1st line treatment for hypercalcemia?
400
works similarly to estrogen but helps to prevent breast cancer, does not promote endometrial cancer, does not help with postmenopausal symptoms nor does it raise HDL or increase MI risk
What is raloxifene (Evista)?
400
The reason that men experience decreased rates of osteoporosis when compared to women?
What is at their peak, theirs bones are larger and stronger- take more time to decline?
400
Used to treat vitamin K deficiency and overdose with warfarin
What is vitamin K?
400
used in raw form to reduce levels of triglycerides and LDL and raise HDL
What is garlic?
500
tremors, convulsions, tetany and/ or spasms of the voicebox
What are symptoms of hypocalcemia?
500
The safest drug to treat osteoporosis
What is calcitonin-salmon?
500
The only drug that works by increasing bone formation
What is teriparatide?
500
Can decrease cholesterol
What is niacin?
500
Can be used to treat vertigo or suppress nausea and vomiting cause by motion sickness or morning sickness. also helps with post operative nausea and vomiting and chemotherapy related nausea and vomiting