Basic Concepts
This type of joint exhibits one degree of freedom, allowing motion primarily in flexion and extension.
One
This MMT grade is assigned when a muscle moves through the full available range of motion against gravity and is able to withstand mild resistance before breaking.
3+/5 (Fair Plus)
When measuring shoulder flexion with a goniometer, this arm remains aligned parallel to the midaxillary line of the thorax.
Stationary arm
This nerve innervates the deltoid muscle and is commonly tested when assessing shoulder abduction strength.
Axillary nerve
This type of joint is found at the glenohumeral joint.
Ball-and-socket joint
This type of lever is demonstrated when the elbow flexes to lift a weight held in the hand. The fulcrum is the elbow joint, the effort is produced by the biceps brachii, and the resistance is the weight in the hand.
3rd class lever
This MMT grade is assigned when a muscle can move through less than the full available range of motion in a gravity-eliminated position.
2-/5 (Poor Minus)
This is the normal range of motion, in degrees, for shoulder flexion in a healthy adult.
180
This nerve innervates the infraspinatus muscle, a primary external rotator of the shoulder.
Supraspinatus
The wrist joint exhibits this many degrees of freedom.
2 degrees of freedom
A person lowers their arm from shoulder height until it rests at their side. This glenohumeral motion is called ________.
Shoulder Adduction
During MMT, a patient is positioned sitting and lifts the arm anteriorly through the sagittal plane while the examiner applies downward resistance. Identify the motion being tested.
Shoulder flexion
When measuring elbow flexion and extension with a goniometer, the axis is aligned with this anatomical landmark.
Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
The spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) innervates this muscle, which assists with scapular elevation and upward rotation.
Trapezius
Acceleration is directly proportional to force and inversely proportional to mass according to this Newton's Law.
2nd Law of Motion
Movements such as flexion and extension occur in the sagittal plane around this axis.
A client is positioned prone with the shoulder abducted to 90° and the elbow flexed to 90°. The arm is lifted toward the ceiling against gravity. This shoulder motion is being tested.
Shoulder horizontal abduction
This upper extremity motion normally measures approximately 150° when assessed with a goniometer. in a healthy adult.
Elbow flexion
This nerve innervates the triceps brachii muscle, the primary extensor of the elbow.
Radial
A patient performs wrist flexion while holding a dumbbell. The wrist joint serves as the fulcrum, the forearm muscles provide the effort, and the dumbbell is the resistance. Identify the lever classification.
3rd class lever
These dense connective tissue structures connect bone to bone and help guide and restrain motion at a joint.
Ligaments
A pt is seated and abducts the shoulder to 90° against gravity while the examiner applies resistance just proximal to the elbow. This MUSCLE is the primary mover being tested.
Middle deltoid
During goniometric assessment of shoulder external rotation, the stationary arm is perpendicular to the floor and the moving arm aligns with the ulna. This bony landmark is used as the axis.
Olecranon process
A patient has weakness with forearm pronation and sensory loss in the lateral palm. Injury to this nerve may be responsible.
Median
A therapist asks a patient to make a fist and move the wrist upward and toward the little-finger side while resistance is applied. This primary muscle is being assessed.
Extensor Capri Ulnaris