A
Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange?
A. Bronchi
B. Trachea
C. Alveoli
D. Pleura
Answer: C. Alveoli
Rationale: Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
What is the term for the exchange of gases between the alveoli and blood?
A. Perfusion
B. Diffusion
C. Ventilation
D. Osmosis
Answer: B. Diffusion
Rationale: Diffusion is the passive movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the alveolar-capillary membrane.
Which statement best describes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
A. It is an acute, reversible disease.
B. It is a preventable and progressive disease.
C. It only affects smokers.
D. It primarily occurs in young adults
Answer: B. It is a preventable and progressive disease.
Rationale: COPD is a chronic disease that progresses over time but can be prevented by avoiding risk factors such as smoking.
Select all interventions that promote improved oxygenation. (SATA)
A. Coughing and deep breathing
B. Incentive spirometry
C. Diaphragmatic breathing
D. Increasing carbohydrate intake
Answer: A, B, C
Rationale: These techniques improve lung expansion, airway clearance, and oxygenation.
Which structure reduces surface tension in the alveoli to prevent collapse?
A. Cilia
B. Surfactant
C. Mucus
D. Pleura
Answer: B. Surfactant
Rationale: Surfactant decreases surface tension in the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing during exhalation.
Which term describes an inadequate oxygen supply to tissues?
A. Hypoxia
B. Dyspnea
C. Hypoventilation
D. Atelectasis
Answer: A. Hypoxia
Rationale: Hypoxia occurs when there is an insufficient supply of oxygen to meet cellular demands.
In COPD, why do the lungs become hyperinflated?
A. The airways collapse during inhalation.
B. The lungs lose elasticity and cannot push out CO₂ effectively.
C. The alveoli regenerate excessively.
D. Increased ciliary function prevents mucus clearance
Answer: B. The lungs lose elasticity and cannot push out CO₂ effectively.
Rationale: COPD causes loss of lung elasticity, leading to air trapping and hyperinflation.
A nurse is educating a patient with COPD about vaccination. Which vaccine(s) should be recommended? (Select all that apply.)
A. Influenza vaccine
B. Pneumococcal vaccine
C. COVID-19 vaccine
D. MMR vaccine
E. Hepatitis B vaccine
Answer: A, B, C
Rationale: COPD patients are at increased risk of respiratory infections, making the influenza, pneumococcal, and COVID-19 vaccines essential.
How many lobes does the right lung have?
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four
Answer: C. Three
Rationale: The right lung has three lobes, while the left lung has two lobes to accommodate the heart.
Which symptom is one of the first signs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
A. Fever
B. Chronic cough
C. Sudden chest pain
D. Hemoptysis
Answer: B. Chronic cough
Rationale: COPD is characterized by a chronic cough, sputum production, weight loss and dyspnea .
What happens to lung tissue in chronic inflammation caused by COPD?
A. Tissue becomes more elastic and expands easily.
B. Tissue thickens and develops scar tissue, reducing elasticity.
C. Airway walls become thinner, leading to increased airflow.
D. Lungs produce excessive surfactant, improving function.
Answer: B. Tissue thickens and develops scar tissue, reducing elasticity.
Rationale: Chronic inflammation leads to tissue thickening and fibrosis, reducing lung elasticity and worsening airflow limitation.
Which nutritional advice is best for a COPD patient?
A. Eat large meals quickly to reduce fatigue
B. Drink fluids with meals to help swallow food
C. Eat small, frequent, high-calorie meals
D. Limit protein intake to reduce metabolic demand
Answer: C. Eat small, frequent, high-calorie meals
Rationale: Small, nutrient-dense meals prevent dyspnea and provide adequate caloric intake.
Answer: C. Eat small, frequent, high-calorie meals
Rationale: Small, nutrient-dense meals prevent dyspnea and provide adequate caloric intake.
Which vaccine is recommended for COPD patients?
A. Hepatitis B
B. Influenza
C. MMR
D. Varicella
Answer: B. Influenza
Rationale: COPD patients should receive yearly flu vaccinations to prevent respiratory infections.
Which term describes difficulty breathing?
A. Apnea
B. Hypoxia
C. Dyspnea
D. Hypocapnia
Answer: C. Dyspnea
Rationale: Dyspnea is difficulty breathing or shortness of breath.
Which of the following can worsen CO₂ retention in a COPD patient?
A. High oxygen administration
B. Increased physical activity
C. Use of bronchodilators
D. A diet high in protein
Answer: A. High oxygen administration
Rationale: In COPD patients, excessive oxygen therapy can suppress their hypoxic drive, leading to CO₂ retention and respiratory acidosis.
Which statement by a COPD patient about pulmonary rehabilitation indicates understanding?
A. "It will help me get off oxygen completely."
B. "It will help improve my exercise tolerance and breathing techniques."
C. "I only need to participate if I have an exacerbation."
D. "It is only for patients with severe COPD."
Answer: B. "It will help improve my exercise tolerance and breathing techniques."
Rationale: Pulmonary rehabilitation focuses on exercise, breathing retraining, and energy conservation to improve quality of life.
Which intervention helps clear secretions in COPD patients?
A. Deep breathing and coughing
B. Restricting fluids
C. Using a high-flow nasal cannula
D. Administering antihistamines
Answer: A. Deep breathing and coughing
Rationale: Controlled coughing helps mobilize and clear mucus.
Which two conditions overlap in COPD?
A. Asthma and pneumonia
B. Emphysema and bronchitis
C. Cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis
D. Tuberculosis and pneumonia
Answer: B. Emphysema and bronchitis
A nurse is teaching a COPD patient about energy conservation. Which statement indicates understanding?
A. "I should exercise before meals to increase my appetite."
B. "I will rest between activities to avoid fatigue."
C. "I should limit protein intake to prevent muscle strain."
D. "I will increase my carbohydrate intake for energy."
Answer: B. "I will rest between activities to avoid fatigue."
Rationale: Energy conservation helps COPD patients avoid exhaustion and breathlessness.