Practice, Policy, and Patients
These vitamins are stored in body fat and carry a higher risk of toxicity when taken in excess.
A, D, E, and K
What term describes the overall functional activity of a protein encoded by a gene based on a patient’s genotype?
Phenotype
This value describes the pH at which a weak acid or base is 50% ionized and helps predict drug ionization in the body.
pKa
These resources summarize and interpret primary literature and include indexing databases such as PubMed.
secondary drug information sources
This type of pathogen causes disease only when the host’s immune system is compromised.
opportunistic pathogen
This core principle of biomedical ethics focuses on respecting a patient’s right to make informed decisions about their own care.
autonomy
In star allele nomenclature, what does a *1 allele indicate for a pharmacogene?
wild‑type
A 0.1 M solution of a strong acid will have this pH value.
1
This FDA‑approved document contains indications, dosing, contraindications, and warnings, but does NOT include off‑label uses.
package insert (prescribing information)
An increase in immature neutrophils (“bands”) on a CBC is commonly referred to as this and suggests acute infection.
left shift
This document provides the exact formula, ingredients, instructions, and equipment needed to compound a preparation before it is made.
Master Formulation Record
Which HLA allele is associated with a significantly increased risk of severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) when treating patients with allopurinol?
HLA‑B*58:01
This phase of drug metabolism primarily introduces or exposes functional groups through oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis reactions.
Phase I metabolism
This concept emphasizes a patient’s ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and should guide counseling strategies
health literacy
This hallmark structure of tuberculosis walls off infected macrophages to contain the bacteria.
granuloma
This statistic represents the number of patients who must be treated for one additional patient to experience a beneficial outcome compared to control.
Number Needed to Treat (NNT)
A genotype of *1/*1 is reported for a drug‑metabolizing enzyme. How should this result generally be interpreted?
no identified genetic variation /
normal metabolizer
This hormone is released during low blood glucose states and promotes gluconeogenesis.
glucagon
This document evaluates a drug for formulary consideration and includes safety, efficacy, cost, and place in therapy.
This document evaluates a drug for formulary consideration and includes safety, efficacy, cost, and place in therapy.
This organism causes antibiotic‑associated diarrhea that spreads by spores via fecal‑oral transmission in hospitals.
Clostridium difficile
This DEA schedule includes drugs with accepted medical use, moderate abuse potential, and moderate to low physical dependence.
Schedule III
Which gene is most commonly associated with copy number variation (CNV) that can lead to an ultrarapid metabolizer phenotype?
CYP2D6
This molecule is a central metabolic intermediate shared by pathways such as fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, ketone body formation, and the citric acid cycle.
acetyl‑CoA
AND, OR, and NOT are examples of these tools used to narrow or broaden medical literature searches.
Boolean operators
This organism commonly causes hot‑tub folliculitis and “nail‑through‑shoe” infections.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa