Epidemiology/measuring PA
Provide an example of a study/intervention focused on physical activity epidemiology.
Collecting data on how physical activity affects individuals with type two diabetes
- pa epidemiology is focused on physical activities' relationship with health outcomes
Give on example of prevalence and one example of a trend.
- prevalence: 100 people were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in Alabama in March 2020.
- trend: Every month since March 2020 type two diabetes numbers have risen by 100
List three examples of hypokinetic diseases
cardiovascular disease, cancer, type two diabetes, osteoporosis
List 3 modifiable risk factors of cancer.
Obesity, physical inactivity, tobacco use, poor nutrient intake, excessive sun exposure, toxic environment exposure
Give a definition of a mechanism as we use it in this course. (give an example)
system of casually interacting parts and processes that produce one or more effects
True or False: Total energy expenditure accounts for thermic effect of food, PA, and basal metabolic rate. PA accounts for 10% of total energy expenditure.
False -- the thermic effect of food accounts for 10% of total energy expenditure while PA accounts for 25% of energy expenditure.
Describe one demographic finding from the BRFSS
Ex: Individuals with higher education are more likely to participate in physical activity
A health promotion specialist wants to create an intervention to prevent individuals from becoming obese. What stage of prevention does this represent?
primary -- preventing a risk factor like obesity from developing
What type of cancer is at risk with poor nutrient intake?
colon cancer
True or False: Exercise can be a mechanism to help improve insulin resistance and protect against insulin sensitivity.
False -- Exercise can be a mechanism to help improve insulin sensitivity and protect against insulin resistance.
Describe the Doubly Labeled Water method of measurement and if it measures PAEE or TEE.
The doubly labeled water method measures urine elimination from the body. The urine samples are used to calculate total energy expenditure. This method measures total energy expenditure because the sample reflects your day to day living.
Explain how the BRFSS population data collected could be skewed (limitation).
Telephone based survey -- certain type of people answer an unknown number (usually older individuals)
Provide an example of a tertiary prevention measure
- using physical activity to improve the quality of life of an individual with type two diabetes
Name two health complications that can occur with individuals who have diabetes and explain how those complications occur.
Neuropathy: damaged blood vessels = loss of sensation
Blindness: can't get proper blood supply
Kidney Failure: can't get proper blood supply
Heart Disease/Stroke: atherosclerosis common
Explain how atherosclerosis is a mechanism for a stroke.
Atherosclerosis occurs when there is a tear in the artery and fatty material is deposited in the artery to try and fix it. This leads to a buildup of plaque in the artery, narrowing its passage. When a blood clot comes through, it can get stuck, fully blocking blood and the O2 it's carrying to get to where it needs to go. In the case of a stroke, this would be caused by lack of O2 to the brain.
What is a reason that you wouldn't want to use the indirect calorimetry measurement of PA? (cons)
expensive, time-consuming, a lot of equipment used, no TEE or "real life" PA measured
According to the BRFSS, what percentage of adults meet the aerobic physical activity guidelines? Is this more or less than the percentage of adults who meet the resistance training requirements?
51.5%
More than the resistance training percentage which is 35.3%
John 54 years old and his father had a heart attack when he was 57 years old. He only meets the aerobic physical activity guidelines. His waist circumference is 41 inches. His blood pressure is 130/79 mm/Hg. How many risk factors for CVD does John have?
4
(age, guidelines, waist circumference, blood pressure)
A female patient has a waist circumference of 36 inches, a triglyceride level of 160 mg/dL, and high fasting glucose levels. Does she have metabolic syndrome?
Yes, the signs and symptoms of metabolic syndrome are abdominal obesity, high triglyceride levels, high fasting glucose, low HDL cholesterol, and high blood pressure.
(need at least 3)
Which of the following are ways exercise can be a mechanism to protect against insulin resistance.
a. improves insulin sensitivity
b. increased glucose uptake w/ more muscle mass
c. improved B-cell function
d. all of the above
d
- insulin sensitivity goes up, insulin resistance goes down
- the more muscle mass, the more tissue that uses glucose (more efficient)
- (cells that produce insulin in pancreas) produce insulin more effectively
A researcher wants to measure TEE without the possibility of response bias. What outside the lab method should they use? why?
Accelerometer
Determine if these PA trends have increased or decreased over the last 60 years
- leisure time PA
- work-related activity
- transportation activity
- domestic activity
- sedentary activity
- total physical activity
- increase
- decrease
- decrease
- decrease
- increase
- decrease
Abby has just gotten a blood lipid profile done at the doctor. The results showed that she had a total cholesterol of 210 mg/dL, an LDL cholesterol of 150 mg/dL, an HDL cholesterol of 60 mg/dL, and a triglyceride value of 152 mg/dL. How many of these values considered unhealthy?
3
(total, LDL, triglycerides)
Describe how Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are different in their response to insulin, which is more common, and which can be prevented.
Type 1: cannot be prevented, less common. The body doesn't make enough insulin to combat blood glucose levels.
Type 2: can be prevented with lifestyle factors, more common. The body can't use insulin properly (insulin resistance) due to extremely high blood glucose levels and a lack of movement.
Provide three physiological changes that reflect that physical activity is a mechanism that protects against cardiovascular disease.
- increase it heart's fitness and coronary circulation: more pathways for O2 to get to tissue, lower resting heart rate & stroke volume
- reduces inflammatory response in the body
- reduces coagulants in the blood (less clotting)
- lowers insulin resistance
- enhances blood lipid profile and regulates blood pressure
- increases energy expenditure