Row 1
The overall goal of the endocrine system, involving the coordination of glands, hormones, and target organs
What is whole body homeostasis?
This structural type of hormone is the most numerous
What are peptides?
This zone of the adrenal cortex is responsible for synthesizing Aldosterone
What is the Zona glomerulosa (ZG)?
Vasopressin and Oxytocin are the two main hormones secreted by this part of the pituitary gland
What is the posterior pituitary?
While T4 is the primary hormone secreted by the thyroid, this hormone has much greater biologic activity
What is T3 (Triiodothyronine)?
This specific GLUT transporter is found in muscle and adipose tissue and is the only one listed in the sources as being insulin sensitive
What is GLUT 4?
This is the primary plasma factor that controls the secretion of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
What is plasma ionized calcium?
Seventy-five percent of daily cortisol secretion occurs between 0400 and 1000, aligning with this daily fluctuation pattern
What is circadian rhythm?
This hormone, synthesized and secreted primarily by the stomach, stimulates Growth Hormone and is also involved in the regulation of food intake
What is Ghrelin?
The name of the vascular link formed by portal hypophysial vessels between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary
What is the direct vascular link (or hypophysial portal system)?
Seen in Graves’ Disease, these two clinical manifestations are Exophthalmos and Pretibial myxedema
What are symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?
Besides increasing Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion, aldosterone's third major effect is increasing the secretion of this ion, which can cause metabolic alkalosis
What is H+ (Hydrogen ion)?
The "fight or flight" response involves the actions of Norepinephrine (NE) and Epinephrine (EPI), which mimic this type of nervous discharge
What is noradrenergic nervous discharge?
This type of feedback loop, which is rare, involves enhancement or continued stimulation of hormone release
What is positive feedback?
This major metabolic effect of Growth Hormone in adults includes promoting protein synthesis, fat breakdown, and glucose sparing
What are major metabolic effects?
Parathyroid hormone increases serum calcium and decreases serum phosphate, and also stimulates the production of this active form of Vitamin D in the kidney
What is calcitriol (or 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D)?
n critically ill patients with "Sick Euthyroid," the conversion of T4 is altered to produce more of this inactive metabolite rather than T3
What is reverse T3 (rT3)?
Insulin’s rapid effect of increasing the transport of this electrolyte into insulin-sensitive cells makes it useful in treating related imbalances
What is Potassium (K)?
This condition results from an excess of Growth Hormone occurring after puberty, characterized by increased organ, hand, and foot size, and increased periosteal bone growth
What is Acromegaly?
The three hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that correspond to the three zones: Aldosterone, Cortisol, and Androgens
Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, and Androgens?
When injected, dopamine produces vasodilation in the renal and mesentery vasculature by acting on this specific receptor subtype
What is D1?
When hypoglycemia is suspected to be from injected (exogenous) insulin, measuring normal or low levels of this polypeptide can help differentiate it from endogenous insulin production
What is C-peptide?
A deficiency in this enzyme causes decreased cortisol synthesis, leading to a compensatory increase in ACTH and resulting in congenital adrenal hyperplasia and hyperandrogenism
What is 21β-hydroxylase (or 21-hydroxylase)?
The responsiveness of target cells sends a signal back to the releasing organ to regulate further hormone release, referred to as this type of regulation
What is Feedback Regulation?
This category of hypothalamic regulatory mechanisms includes thirst, hunger, and sexual behavior
What is Appetitive Behavior?