Cell Death 1: Necrosis
This phase of apoptosis includes the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
What is the initiation phase?
Necrosis from a focal area of destruction resulting from an abnormal release of activated pancreatic enzymes
What is enzymatic fat necrosis?
The adrenergic receptor subtype, when activated, leading to increased heart rate and myocardial contractility
What is the β1-adrenergic receptor?
In the parasympathetic nervous system, muscarinic receptor subtype responsible for stimulating increased glandular and gastrointestinal secretions
What is the M1 muscarinic receptor?
The nervous system responsible for "fight or flight" responses
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
Webbed fingers or toes due to deficient apoptosis during embryogenesis
What is syndactyly?
This type of necrosis is characterized by the deposition of fibrin and immune complexes into blood vessel walls and is commonly seen in vasculitis
What is fibrinoid necrosis?
This β2-agonist is commonly used to treat asthma attacks and can also be used off-label for hyperkalemia
What is albuterol?
Direct-acting cholinomimetic agent is used to treat urinary retention by causing bladder contractions
What is bethanechol?
The mnemonic to remember the G protein classes for the α1, α2, β1, and β2 receptors
What is QISS ("kiss")
Pathologic trigger for apoptosis involving DNA damage induced by cytotoxic drugs
What is chemotherapy?
Type of change in necrosis involving nuclear dissolution and is one of three primary nuclear changes observed
What is karyolysis?
This β1-agonist is commonly used to increase cardiac output in patients with severe decompensated heart failure
What is dobutamine?
Drug commonly used as a "challenge test" to diagnose asthma by inducing bronchoconstriction
What is methacholine?
Neurotransmitter primarily released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons, except for those innervating sweat glands and renal vascular smooth muscle
What is Norepinephrine?
In apoptosis, this term describes the condensation of chromatin under a preserved nuclear envelope
What is pyknosis?
Term describing the process where a cell stays alive but with significantly slowed down functions
What is dormancy?
A 45-year-old male is brought to the emergency department in cardiac arrest. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR is initiated, and the advanced cardiac life support team prepares to administer medications. Given the patient's history of severe asthma, the team considers using a mixed α- and β-agonist that is particularly effective due to its strong β2 activity. Which mixed α- and β-agonist is used in the treatment of cardiac arrest and severe asthma?
What is epinephrine?
A 32-year-old male farm worker is brought to the emergency department with symptoms of excessive salivation, sweating, diarrhea, and muscle twitching after being exposed to pesticides. His heart rate is 50 beats per minute, and he is experiencing difficulty breathing. Which combination of drugs is typically used to treat these symptoms?
What are atropine and pralidoxime?
The signaling molecules released by the adrenal medulla in response to activation of the sympathetic nervous system
What are epinephrine and norepinephrine?
BAX and BAK, are part of the BCL-2 family and play a crucial role in forming channels on the outer mitochondrial membrane during apoptosis
What are proapoptotic (BH1-3) proteins?
A 58-year-old male with a history of myocardial infarction presents to the emergency department with severe epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting. Laboratory tests show elevated serum amylase and lipase levels, and imaging confirms a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. The patient is also noted to have had a recent ischemic event followed by reperfusion therapy. What is this necrotic process described as?
What is necroptosis?
A 45-year-old male with a history of depression presents to the emergency department with severe headache, palpitations, and a blood pressure of 210/120 mmHg. He mentions that he recently attended a wine and cheese party where he consumed a large amount of aged cheese. His medication history reveals that he has been taking an antidepressant that belongs to the class of indirect-acting sympathomimetics. Which class of drugs most likely associated with "cheese reaction" due to excessive dietary tyramine consumption?
What are monoamine oxidase inhibitors
A 34-year-old female presents to the clinic with complaints of excessive sweating, salivation, and abdominal cramps. She has been taking a cholinomimetic medication for myasthenia gravis. Upon further questioning, she also reports increased urinary frequency and diarrhea. You recall a mnemonic that helps remember the major adverse effects associated with cholinomimetics. What is the mnemonic used and the adverse effects?
What is DUMBBELSS (Diarrhea, Urination, Miosis, Bronchoconstriction, Bradycardia, Emesis, Lacrimation, Salivation, and Sweating)?
A 55-year-old male presents to the emergency department with acute onset of severe headache, palpitations, and elevated blood pressure. He reports a history of hypertension, for which he is currently taking an α1-adrenergic receptor agonist. Laboratory tests reveal normal electrolyte levels and renal function. On physical examination, his heart rate is 110 beats per minute, and his blood pressure is 180/110 mmHg. An ECG shows sinus tachycardia. Which signaling pathway is primarily activated by the α1-adrenergic receptor, leading to the observed increase in intracellular calcium?
What is the phosphatidylinositol pathway?