The Reconquest
North to South, Rivers
What were the 3 unifications?
Territorial, Linguistic, and Religious
What is the original inquisition?
Purpose was to combat Christian movement against the Catholic monarchy
Isabella married who and why
King of Portugal, strengthened the Iberian unity against France (Spains Western Boarder)
What happened to Juana after her siblings died?
She becomes heir, and marries Philip the I which is how the Habsburg gained route to Spain
What territories were conquered in the reconquest?
Toleda, Cordoba, Sevilla, Granada
Name the 3 elements of the TERRITORIAL unification and their significance
War in Granada (1492) > the last Muslim territory falls
Marriage of Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon > created DUAL monarchy, but institutions remained SEPARATE
Political Annexation > Ferdinand offered Nobel status (no taxes) if they joined Spain empire over France
Evolution into the Spanish Inquisition
1478
Ferdinand and Isabella adopted the inquisitorial model to enforce Catholic orthodoxy
Controlled by the crown, not the Pope, which was unusual but reinforced the Crown's power
Juan
Binds Spain directly to the Habsburg Empire
Creates unified Catholic front in Central Europe against France
Significance of the Royal Chapel
Symbol of transition from Reconquest to Modern Spain
Years of the Reconquest
711-1492
During the Linguistic Unification what language became the administrative and educational language, and why?
Castilian
Castille was the dominant kingdom in the Isabella and Ferdinand union > it was larger, wealthier (major export), and the strongest politically (military)
Nebrija codified Castilian being the language in 1492 as a tool of the empire
Monarchy needed one language to use for administration/the government and for mercenaries to teach in The Americas
Targets of the Inquisition
Conversos
Moriscos
Scientists
Witches
Homosexuals
Disabled Persons
MOST IMPORTANT MARRIAGE
Marries Philip the Handsome
Doubles down on Habsburg alliance
Ensures that the future rulers of Spain would inherit both Spanish and Habsburg territories
Charles I (of Spain)/ V (of Habsburg) Problems in Spain
Seen as a foreigner, didn't speak Spanish (brought foreign nobles into office; upset Spaniards because they didn't think they were being represented)
Raised taxes (needed money to finance his campaign as the Holy Roman Emperor)
Lots of local banditry
What did Alphonso X promote?
Multicultural scholarship; wanted Jews, Muslims, and Christians working together
Two Main Elements of the Religious Unification?
Expulsion of the Jews (1492) (Conversos)
Muslims are forced to convert to Catholicism (1502-1526) (Moriscos); monitored heavily
Strengthened royal authority through enforced CatholicismPenalties
Interrogation, imprisonment, torture, social humiliation, public execution, confiscation of property
Maria
Marries King of Portugal after Isabella dies
Prevent France from stepping in on Portuguese succession
What did Charles I/V actions lead to
Revolt of Comunidades de Castilla > middle-class Republican movement (triggered by taxation)
The Germans > Artisan uprising in Valencia (led by the artisans and the guilds)
Who started the Toledo School of Translators and what was its significance?
Alphonso X; major center of medical scientific/ philosophical exchange
1492 Christopher Colombus
Wanted Portugal to sponsor him, but they wouldn't so Spain did
Discovery promoted Spain as the first global Empire to discover new lands
Significance
Used as a tool of state control, NOT religious authority
Created fear and loyalty > people "performed" Catholicism to avoid suspicion
Lasted until 1834
Catalina
Marries Arthur of England
England and France (shifting historic alliance)
Strengthens Position in the English Channel
Last border to control around SpainProblems in Europe
Sack of Rome (1527) - Unintentionally humiliated the Pope, damaged Charles reputation
Protestant Reformation - Martin Luther 1517; scrutinized the Catholic Church