Elaboration Likelihood Model
"We've always done it that way" is a peripheral route cue based on:
A. Social proof.
B. Authority.
C. Consistency.
D. Scarcity.
C. Consistency.
The narrative paradigm holds that good reasons emerge from:
A. A person’s history.
B. A person’s biography.
C. A person’s culture.
D. All of the above.
D. All of the above
Symbolic convergence theory is a rare example of a theory that heavily combines interpretive and objective approaches.
A. True
B. False
A. True
Invention refers to nonverbal ways to win over an audience.
A. True
B. False
B. False
Rather, invention refers to the speaker’s construction of an argument.
A scapegoat is someone or something that ______________________.
A. builds identification between the audience and the speaker
B. is blamed for guilt
C. generates perspective by incongruity
D. sums up all that a speaker regards as bad, wrong, or evil
B. is blamed for guilt
The central route and the peripheral route are located in:
A. The speaker’s mind.
B. The speaker’s messages.
C. The listener’s mind.
D. The listener’s messages.
C. The listener’s mind.
Fisher believes it is impossible for a community to depart from the values of the ideal audience.
A. True
B. False
B. False
A vivid message does not qualify as dramatizing if it:
A. Describes what’s going on in the group.
B. Describes events outside the group.
C. Describes an event that has happened in the past.
D. Describes an event that might happen in the future.
A. Describes what’s going on in the group.
In his campaign speech, Senator Sanchez argues that more government money needs to be devoted to maintaining infrastructure. Aristotle would classify his speaking as:
A. Deliberative.
B. Forensic.
C. Epideictic.
D. Ritualistic.
A. Deliberative.
McPhee believes that self-structuring in organizations is always ________________.
A. Exact.
B. Coherent.
C. Clear.
D. Error-free.
E. None of the above.
E. None of the above.
McPhee believes self-structuring is a communication process, and communication often isn’t exact, coherent, clear, or error-free.
In which of the following cases is a person most likely to experience no change in attitude?
A. When the person processes the message centrally, and thinks the case is favorable.
B. When the person processes the message centrally, and thinks the case is unfavorable.
C. When the person processes the message peripherally, and peripheral cues are present.
D. When the person processes the message peripherally, and peripheral cues are absent.
D. When the person processes the message peripherally, and peripheral cues are absent.
It’s also possible that no attitude change will occur if the message is processed centrally and the case seems neutral. See Figure 15-1 for more detail.
According to Fisher, “the operative principle of narrative rationality is _________________ rather than _________________.”
A. communication; information
B. identification; deliberation
C. emotion; logic
D. spiritual; scientific
B. identification; deliberation
In this regard, Fisher’s theoretical story strikes a chord with Burke’s.
The correct answer is “B”
Who would have thought that some jokes in the campus sorority house about how often college students text would have turned into a national movement against texting and driving? Because this fantasy has caught up large groups of people into a common symbolic reality, it is now a:
A. Symbolic cue.
B. Rhetorical vision.
C. Fantasy type.
D. Dramatizing message.
B. Rhetorical vision.
Yvette is trying to persuade her sister Dakota. Yvette wants Dakota to let her borrow her favorite dress. Yvette tells a heartrending tale about how she doesn’t have a suitable dress, and she’ll feel so lonely if she has to miss the school dance. Yvette’s argument primarily uses which mode of persuasion?
A. Logos.
B. Ethos.
C. Pathos.
D. Mythos.
C. Pathos.
A formal deductive syllogism contains:
A. An introduction, a body, and a conclusion.
B. A major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.
C. A thesis statement, evidence, and call to action.
D. An inciting incident, a climax, and a resolution.
B. A major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.
Polly is watching a commercial for the local Happy Burger fast food restaurant. The commercial is really funny! Assuming Polly processes it peripherally, what’s the best-case scenario for Happy Burger regarding her attitude toward the restaurant?
A. She will have a strong attitude change in favor of the restaurant.
B. She will have a weak attitude change in favor of the restaurant.
C. She will have no attitude change toward the restaurant.
D. She will have a weak attitude change against the restaurant.
B. She will have a weak attitude change in favor of the restaurant.
Irene has just attended the midnight showing of Space Warriors 3: The Battle for Neptune. As she leaves the theater, she thinks, “Wow, the movie’s plot didn’t make much sense. The behavior of the characters seemed so inconsistent with Space Warriors 2, and even within this film from one scene to the next.” Irene seems to think that Space Warriors 3 lacks:
A. Narrative rationality.
B. Narrative fidelity.
C. Narrative coherence.
D. Narration.
C. Narrative coherence.
Narrative coherence refers to how well a story ‘hangs together.’ Obvious plot holes and inconsistencies will reduce our evaluation of a story.
When students attend college because they are looking for a good job, they are driven by a _______________ vision.
A. pragmatic
B. righteous
C. rhetorical
D. social
A. pragmatic
For her retirement dinner, the company holds a ‘roast’ for Sara, where they all take turns giving short speeches that both poke fun at her quirky personality but also praise her for contributions to the company. Aristotle would most likely categorize these speeches as:
A. Deliberative.
B. Forensic.
C. Epideictic.
D. Ritualistic.
C. Epideictic.
An epideictic speech heaps praise or blame on a person for the benefit of the current audience.
What is one way that cultural approach scholars have justified the expense of their work, given that they believe that changing corporate culture is impossible?
A. Emphasizing that understanding an organizational culture is valuable in its own right.
B. Emphasizing the utility of understanding culture for organizational recruitment.
C. Emphasizing how studies lead to more accurate organizational communication theories.
D. Emphasizing that although culture may not change, the practices that constitute culture can be made more fair and ethical.
B. Emphasizing the utility of understanding culture for organizational recruitment.
If a company understands its culture, it may be able to more effectively recruit workers who will enjoy their job and contribute meaningfully to the company.
Senate candidate Suzy Johnson is speaking passionately about gun laws. Dan is listening. He owns a rifle store in town. How is Dan most likely to process Suzy’s message?
A. Through the peripheral route.
B. Through the central route.
C. Not possible to determine; it depends on whether Suzy uses a strong or weak argument.
D. Not possible to determine; it depends on Dan’s need for cognition.
B. Through the central route.
Evan has just attended the midnight showing of Space Warriors 3: The Battle for Neptune. As he leaves the theater, he thinks, “Wow, that movie sure differs from my values. The characters got away with acting like scoundrels, and the movie glorified deception and violence.” Evan seems to think that Space Warriors 3 lacks:
A. Narrative rationality.
B. Narrative fidelity.
C. Narrative coherence.
D. Narration.
B. Narrative fidelity.
When a story has narrative fidelity, it strikes a responsive chord in us. It may connect to experiences we have or our values.
Your group of friends has a lot of inside jokes, but they seem to cluster around two things: (a) awkward fashion trends and (b) how much better college is than high school. These clusters would best be described as:
A. Fantasy chains.
B. Fantasy themes.
C. Fantasy types.
D. Fantasy cues.
C. Fantasy types.
A university appeals committee overturns a student’s parking ticket. They don’t reach their decision because of the student’s persuasive arguments, but rather because the university’s parking guidelines clearly state that the lot in question is open after 5 PM. And the ticket was written at 5:02 PM. The committee made their decision based on which type of proof?
A. Verbal.
B. Nonverbal.
C. Artistic.
D. Inartistic.
D. Inartistic.
Early communication research saw organizational communication as an act of ______________, but CCO theorists see communication as ____________________.
A. transmitting information; constructing social reality
B. constructing social reality; transmitting information
C. exerting managerial control; empowering all stakeholders
D. empowering all stakeholders; exerting managerial control
A. transmitting information; constructing social reality
Rather than one of many activities that occur in organizations, CCO and like-minded scholars see communication as the essence of organization itself.