Cardiac Cycle
What is cardiac output? What is its equation?
Total amount of blood leaving the heart. Heart Rate multiplied by the Stroke Volume (HR X SV)
What is the only way to voluntarily generate force.
Skeletal muscles
What does ANS stand for? What does it branch off of?
Autonomic nervous system, central nervous system
Why does blood flow? What does pressure have to do with it?
Blood carries nutrients and oxygen to the rest of the body. Since blood only flows one way, it flows from high pressure to low pressure so the heart must build up pressure in one chamber to flow into the next chamber of lower pressure.
What affects stroke volume?
EDV - ESV (End Diastolic Volume - End Systolic Volume)
What is tetatanus?
If action potential continue to stimulate the muscle fiber repeatedly at short intervals (high frequency), relaxation between contractions diminishes until the muscle fiber achieves a state of maximal contraction
What are the branches of ANS and what are they responsible for?
The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for rest and digestion. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for your fight-or-flight response
What carries freshly oxygenated blood?
The pulmonary vein
What happens during the P wave?
The Atrial cells depolarize
Difference between isotonic and isometric concentration
Isotonic contraction=any contraction that creates force and moves a load
Isometric contraction=Any contraction that creates a force once without moving a load
What are preganglionic and postganglionic neurons?
Preganglionic neurons=originates in the central nervous system and terminates in an autonomic ganglion. Postganglionic neurons= autonomic neuron that has its cell body in the ganglion and sends its axon to the target tissue
What receptor is in charge of maintaining homeostatic blood pressure?
Baroreceptor reflex
The av valve and the sv valve are closed.
What does maximum stimulate voltage do in terms of motor unit?what is threshold voltage?
It recruiting ALL motor units. Threshold voltage has minimum amount of voltage put into nerve to start recruiting motor units
What is the preganglionic and post-ganglionic neurotransmitter for the SNS?
Pre-ACh, post-norepinephrine
What is the whole cycle of the blood?
vena cavas to right atrium through tricuspid valve to right ventricle thru
During atrial diastole and atrial systole phase
Describe the skeletal muscle contraction process.
1) ACh binds nicotineR and depolarization occurs.
2)Depolarization opens v-gated Na+ channels and causes action Potential (AP)
3)AP propagates down t-tubule
4) AP activat3es DHPR which opens the RyR receptors
5)Ca2+ exits sarcoplasmic reticulum and binds to Troponin
6) troponin roles tropomyosin out of the way
7) actin and myosin can form really tight bonds called cross bridges which yank on z-disk to contract, power stroke and contraction occurs
The alpha-2 adrenergic receptor decreases cAMP. True or False?
True
Blood flow through a vessel depends on the pressure gradient and this
Vascular resistance