Definition
The deadliest epidemic (The epidemic that caused the most deaths.)
Plague of Justinian (black death)
totally caused 15–100 million deathes, this epidemic is cause by Yersinia pestis
whats different between virus and bacteria
Bacteria are single-celled organisms capable of independent reproduction, while viruses are non-living infectious pathogens.
what is Cholera spread by ?
contaminated food & water
Antibiotics are made from which type of mold?
Penicillin
The first recorded plague
the Plague of Justinian (541–542 CE) aka black death
what's the definition of epidemic ?
A sudden and rapid deterioration of diseases and health conditions occurs in a region or community, with a number of cases exceeding expectations. It quickly affects a large population.
The first virus completely eradicated by humans.
variola virus, treat by vaccine
The last death occurred in October 1977.
What causes plague?
Yersinia pestis
Who invented the first vaccine?
Edward Jenner
First record of avian influenza（bird flu )
1878 in northern Italy
whats index case ( Patient Zero) mean in epidemiology
Patient Zero refers to the first case of a disease spreading among a population.
whats the virus caused the covid-19?
SARS-CoV-2
Three types of plague (different routes of infection)
bubonic plague, septicemic plague, and pneumonic plague
What are antibodies?
Y-shaped proteins produced by B-cell lymphocytes in the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, and toxins
first patient zero
Gaëtan Dugas, It is widely believed to be the culprit that spread AIDS to North America.
whats the super spreader /Superspreading event mean in Epidemiology
The transmission speed is far faster than usual; super-spreaders are individuals with exceptionally high infectivity. Most super-spreading events occur in large gatherings of people.
whats the common of bacteria and virus
They all carry genetic material and lack membrane-bound organelles. They are all pathogens.
what caused the Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
how can vaccine help immune system
Introducing antigens can generate antibodies and memory cells, enabling a faster response when encountering real viruses.
most famous super spreader
Mary Mallon or "Typhoid Mary"It is believed to have contributed to the spread of typhoid fever in New York.
whats different between epidemic and pandemic
An epidemic refers to a disease that spreads rapidly within a specific region, while a pandemic refers to a disease that spreads to multiple countries.
whats the virus made of ?
Genetic Material: DNA or RNA. Capsid:protein shell
whats bacteria made of ?
a cytoplasm enclosed by a cell membrane and a protective peptidoglycan cell wall
whats vaccine made of ?
active ingredients (antigens) that trigger an immune response, along with additives to ensure safety, stability, and effectiveness
whats a cross infection?
Viruses/bacteria spread from one person or object to another.